Soy protein products having altered characteristics

ABSTRACT

Soy protein products obtained from high oleic soybeans, wherein such products, have improved whiteness, reduced viscosity and reduced gel-strength, are described. Use of such products in food, beverage and animal feed are also disclosed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to soy protein products obtained from high oleicsoybeans wherein the protein product(s) have improved whiteness, reducedviscosity and reduced gel-strength.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Soybeans have the highest protein content of all cereals and legumes. Inparticular, soybeans have about 40% protein, while other legumes have20-30%, and cereals have about 8-15% protein. Soybeans also containabout 20% oil with the remaining dry matter mostly carbohydrate (35%).On a wet basis (as is), soybeans contain about 35% protein, 17% oil, 31%carbohydrates and 4.4% ash. Soybean storage protein and lipid bodies arecontained in the usable meat of the soybean called the cotyledon. Thecomplex carbohydrate (or dietary fiber) is also contained in the cellwalls of the cotyledon. The outer layer of cells (called the seed coat)makes up about 8% of the soybean's total weight. The raw, dehulledsoybean is, depending on the variety, approximately 18% oil, 15%insoluble carbohydrates, 14% moisture and ash and 38% protein.

Plant protein materials are used as functional food ingredients, andhave numerous applications in enhancing desirable characteristics infood products. Soy protein materials, in particular, have seen extensiveuse as functional food ingredients. Soy protein materials are used as anemulsifier in meats to bind the meat and give the meat a good textureand a firm bite. Another common application for soy protein materials asfunctional food ingredients is as a thickening agent to provide a creamyviscosity to the food product.

In general, soy protein materials include soy flakes, soy grits, soymeal, soy flour, soy protein concentrates, and soy protein isolates witha primary difference between these materials being the degree ofrefinement relative to whole soybeans.

Apart from the soy protein content, flavor, gel-strength,whiteness-index, and viscosity of a soy protein material are also arelevant criteria for the selection of a soy protein material as afunctional food ingredient. Conventional soy protein material may have astrong beany, bitter flavor and odor as a result of the presence ofcertain volatile compounds and/or an undesired appearance due to thepresence of other relatively low molecular weight compounds in the soyprotein material.

The present disclosure generally relates to a soy protein-containingcomposition having reduced gel-strength, reduced viscosity, and improvedwhiteness.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,599,556 B2, issued to Stark et al. on Jul. 29, 2003,describes confectionary products, which include high protein contentmodified oilseed material.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,469 B2, issued to Stark et al. on Apr. 6, 2004,describes frozen dessert products, which include high protein contentmodified oilseed material.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,720,020 B2, issued to Karleskind et al. on Apr. 13,2004, describes beverage compositions, which include high proteincontent modified oilseed material.

JP Patent No. 5,168,416 A1, issued to Takeshi et al. on Jul. 2, 1993,describes obtaining a concentrated soybean having improved taste, flavorand color tone and useful as a food material, etc., with simpleoperation at a low cost without changing the nature of the protein bywashing soybeans, etc., with a water-containing alcohol under weaklyacidic condition in the presence of an acid.

JP Patent No. 4,207,159 A1, issued to Hiroko et al on Jul. 29, 1992,describes the title raw material having bright and white color tone anduseful for marine and knead eater -dispersed liquid of acid-precipitatedsoybean protein with an alkali metal hydroxide to control pH.

WO2007013146A1, published Feb. 1, 2007, describes compositions forprocessed soy protein foods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first embodiment, the invention concerns a soy protein productobtained from a high oleic soybean wherein said product has at least onecharacteristic selected from the group consisting of improved whiteness,reduced gel strength and reduced viscosity when compared to a soyprotein product obtained from a commodity soybean using the same processas that to obtain the soy protein product from a high oleic soybean.

In a second embodiment, the invention concerns a soy protein productderived from high oleic soybeans having an at least 3% increase in thewhiteness index compared to a soy protein product derived from commoditysoybean using the same process as that to obtain the soy protein productfrom a high oleic soybean.

In a third embodiment, the invention concerns an unhydrolyzed soyprotein product derived from high oleic soybeans having a reduction ofviscosity by at least 9% compared to a soy protein product obtained froma commodity soybean using the same process as that to obtain the soyprotein product from a high oleic soybean.

In a fourth embodiment, the invention concerns a soy protein productderived from high oleic soybeans having reduction in gel strength by atleast 25% compared to a soy protein product obtained from a commoditysoybean using the same process as that to obtain the soy protein productfrom a high oleic soybean.

In a fifth embodiment the invention concerns soy protein productsselected from the group consisting of a soy protein isolate, a soyprotein concentrate, soy meal, full fat flour, defatted flour, soymilkpowder, soymilk, textured proteins, textured flours, texturedconcentrates and textured isolates.

In a sixth embodiment the invention concerns a method for improvingdrying efficiency of a soy protein product, comprising feeding at leastone soy protein product obtained from a high oleic soybean seed athigher feed solids to a pasteurizer or a dryer compared to feeding atleast one soy protein product obtained from a commodity soybean.

In a seventh embodiment the invention concerns a method for improvingdrying efficiency of a soy protein product, comprising feeding at leastone soy protein product obtained from a high oleic soybean seed at noless than 14% feed solids to a pasteurizer or a dryer.

Additional embodiments of the invention include soy protein productswith at least 40%, 65%, or 90% protein (N×6.25) on a moisture-freebasis.

In other aspects, the soy protein products of the invention can be usedin food, beverages, and animal feed containing the soy protein productof the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND SEQUENCE LISTINGS

The invention can be more fully understood from the following detaileddescription and the accompanying drawings and Sequence Listing, whichform a part of this application.

FIG. 1 depicts plasmid pKS210.

FIG. 2 depicts plasmid PHP17731.

FIG. 3 depicts plasmid PHP17064.

FIG. 4 depicts fragment PHP19340A.

FIG. 5 depicts fragment PHP17752A.

FIG. 6 depicts plasmid PHP19340.

FIG. 7 depicts plasmid PHP17752.

SEQ ID NO:1 sets forth the sequence of the recombinant DNA fragmentPHP21676A

SEQ ID NO:2 sets forth the sequence of the 1533 polynucleotide fragmentcomprising 470 nucleotides from the soybean FAD2-2 gene, 420 nucleotidesfrom the soybean FAD2-1 gene, 643 nucleotides from the soybean FAD3gene.

SEQ ID NO:3 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide primerBM35 used to amplify an approximately 0.9 Kb fragment from recombinantDNA fragment KSFAD2-hybrid.

SEQ ID NO:4 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide primerBM39 used to amplify an approximately 0.9 kb fragment from recombinantDNA fragment KSFAD2-hybrid.

SEQ ID NO:5 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide primerBM40 used to amplify an approximately 0.65 kb DNA fragment from plasmidXF1.

SEQ ID NO:6 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotideplasmid BM41 used to amplify an approximately 0.65 kb DNA fragment fromplasmid pXF1.

SEQ ID NO:7 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of recombinant DNAfragment KSFAD2-hybrid which contains about 470 nucleotides from thesoybean FAD2-2 gene and 420 nucleotides from the soybean FAD2-1 gene.

SEQ ID NO:8 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide primerKS1 used to amplify about 470 nucleotides from the soybean FAD2-2 gene.

SEQ ID NO:9 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide primerKS2 used to amplify about 470 nucleotides of the soybean FAD2-2 gene.

SEQ ID NO:10 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotideprimer KS3 used to amplify about 420 nucleotides of the soybean FAD2-1gene.

SEQ ID NO:11 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotideprimer KS4 used to amplify about 420 nucleotides of the soybean FAD2-1gene.

SEQ ID NO:12 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the seed-specificgene expression-silencing cassette from pKS133 which comprisesnucleotides for a Kti3 promoter and terminator bordering a string ofnucleotides that promote formation of a stem structure which aresurrounding a unique Not I restriction endonuclease site.

SEQ ID NO:13 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKS210.

SEQ ID NO:14 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of plasmid PHP17731.

SEQ ID NO:15 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of recombinant DNAfragment PHP17731A.

SEQ ID NO:16 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the ALS selectablemarker recombinant DNA fragment. This recombinant DNA fragment comprisesa promoter operably linked to a nucleotide fragment encoding a soybeanacetolactate synthase to which mutations have been introduced to make itresistant to treatment with sulfonylurea herbicides.

SEQ ID NO:17 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the soybeanherbicide-resistant ALS including mutations in subsequences B and F.

SEQ ID NO:18 is the wild type amino acid sequence of conserved ALS“subsequence B” disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,659.

SEQ ID NO:19 sets forth the wild type amino acid sequence of conservedALS “subsequence F” disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,659.

SEQ ID NO:20 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the additional fiveamino acids introduced during cloning at the amino-terminus of thesoybean ALS.

SEQ ID NO:21 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of plasmid PHP17064 SEQID NO:22 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of recombinant DNA fragmentPHP17064A.

SEQ ID NO:23 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of fragment PHP19340A.

SEQ ID NO:24 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of fragment PHP17752A.

SEQ ID NO:25 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of plasmid PHP19340.

SEQ ID NO:26 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of plasmid PHP17752.

The Sequence Listing contains the one letter code for nucleotidesequence characters and the three letter codes for amino acids asdefined in conformity with the IUPAC-IUBMB standards described inNucleic Acids Res. 13:3021-3030 (1985) and in the Biochemical J. 219(No. 2):345-373 (1984) which are herein incorporated by reference. Thesymbols and format used for nucleotide and amino acid sequence datacomply with the rules set forth in 37C.F.R. §1.822.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein areincorporated by reference in their entirety.

In the context of this disclosure, a number of terms shall be utilized.

As used herein, “soybean” refers to the species Glycine max, Glycinesoja, or any species that is sexually cross compatible with Glycine max.A “line” is a group of plants of similar parentage that display littleor no genetic variation between individuals for a least one trait. Suchlines may be created by one or more generations of self-pollination andselection, or vegetative propagation from a single parent including bytissue or cell culture techniques. An “agronomically elite line” or“elite line” refers to a line with desirable agronomic performance thatmay or may not be used commercially. A “variety”, “cultivar”, “elitevariety”, or “elite cultivar” refers to an agronomically superior eliteline that has been extensively tested and is or was being used forcommercial soybean production. “Mutation” refers to a detectable andheritable genetic change (either spontaneous or induced) not caused bysegregation or genetic recombination. “Mutant” refers to an individual,or lineage of individuals, possessing a mutation.

The “whiteness index” of a soy protein product refers to the color ofthe soy-protein-containing composition. Many soy protein-containing feedcompositions will have, to varying degrees, a yellowish or brownishcolor. In general, the color of these compositions can be “improved,”i.e., the “whiteness index” of the product can be increased by theprocess of the present invention. In general, the whiteness index isdetermined using a colorimeter which provides the L, a, and b colorvalues for the composition from which the whiteness index may becalculated using a standard expression of the Whiteness Index (WI),WI=L−3b. The L component generally indicates the whiteness or,“lightness”, of the sample; L values near 0 indicate a black samplewhile L values near 100 indicate a white sample. The b value indicatesyellow and blue colors present in the sample; positive b values indicatethe presence of yellow colors while negative b values indicate thepresence of blue colors. The a value, which may be used in other colormeasurements, indicates red and green colors; positive values indicatethe presence of red colors while negative values indicate the presenceof green colors. For the b and a values, the absolute value of themeasurement increases directly as the intensity of the correspondingcolor increases. Generally, the colorimeter is standardized using awhite standard tile provided with the colorimeter. A sample is thenplaced into a glass cell which is introduced to the calorimeter. Thesample cell is covered with an opaque cover to minimize the possibilityof ambient light reaching the detector through the sample and serves asa constant during measurement of the sample. After the reading is taken,the sample cell is emptied and typically refilled as multiple samples ofthe same material are generally measured and the whiteness index of thematerial expressed as the average of the measurements. Suitablecolorimeters generally include those manufactured by HunterLab (Reston,Va.) including, for example, Model # DP-9000 with Optical Sensor D 25.

Whiteness index measurements of a 5% by weight solids sample of thesuspension before and after treatment are determined using a HunterLabDP-9000 calorimeter including an optical sensor D-25, both manufacturedby Hunter Associates Laboratory (HunterLab) (Reston, Va.). For thewhiteness index measurement in the large scale production platform,protein samples are dispersed on a 5% w/w basis: (5.25 g) is added todeionized water (100 mL). For the whiteness index measurement in thesmall scale production platform, 1 g protein sample is dispersed in 19mL of deionized water on a w/v basis. The results obtained using theHunter Colorimeter are reported in units of L, a, and b. Whiteness Indexis calculated from the L and b scale values using the following:Whiteness Index=L−3b.

In addition to the improved color, the soy protein product produced bythe processes in the present disclosure can have a reduced viscosity.

Viscosity, gelation and other indicators of structure formation areimportant properties of soybean proteins since they contribute to theoverall utility of the product in use. Proteins contribute to thesolidity and elasticity of products by formation of a three dimensionalnetwork of aggregated protein molecules which entrap water. It issometimes desirable to have these properties, for example in the case ofmeat-like products, or it may be desired to have less functionality, forexample in beverage applications. For beverage applications, a lowerviscosity may be desirable for sensory, mouthfeel and texturalproperties of the beverage. Lower viscosity soy protein-containingcompositions may be intended for use in liquid products (i.e.,beverages); and additionally, in some embodiments, lower viscosity soyprotein-containing compositions may be desired for use in meat products.

As used herein, the term “viscosity” means the apparent viscosity ofaqueous slurry or a solution as measured with a rotating spindleviscometer utilizing a large annulus, where a particularly preferredrotating spindly viscometer is a Brookfield viscometer. In anotherembodiment, the apparent viscosity can be measured using a Rapid ViscoAnalyzer (RVA) viscometer, or an AR-1000 Rheometer.

In general, the term viscosity refers to the apparent viscosity of aslurry or a solution as measured with a rotating spindle viscometerutilizing a large annulus, where a particularly preferred rotatingspindle viscometer is a Brookfield viscometer. The apparent viscosity ofa soy protein material may be measured, for example, by weighing asample of the soy material and water to obtain a known ratio of the soymaterial to water (preferably 1 part soy material to 9 parts water, byweight), combining and mixing the soy material and water in a blender ormixer to form a homogenous slurry of the soy material and water atambient temperature and neutral pH, and measuring the apparent viscosityof the slurry with the rotating spindle viscometer utilizing a largeannulus, operated at approximately 60 revolutions per minute and at atorque of from 30 to 70%.

Another important functional characteristic is the gel forming propertyof a protein. Protein gelation is important to obtain desirable sensoryand textural structures in foods.

The formation of a protein gel is a two step process which initiatesthrough partial denaturation of the protein molecules. As the proteinsdenature, the viscosity of the slurry increases as a result of anincrease in the molecular changes associated with the unfoldingproteins. During the second part of the process there is a largeincrease in viscosity resulting from protein association and developmentof the molecular network.

Gelation phenomenon requires a driving force to unfold the nativeprotein structure, followed by an aggregation retaining a certain degreeof order in the matrix formed by association between protein strands.Protein gelation has been traditionally achieved by heating, but somephysical and chemical processes form protein gels in an analogous way toheat-induction. A physical means, besides heat, is high pressure.Chemical means are acidification, enzymatic cross-linking, and use ofsalts and urea, causing modifications in protein-protein andprotein-medium interactions. The characteristics of each gel aredifferent and dependent upon factors like protein concentration, degreeof denaturation caused by pH, temperature, ionic strength and/orpressure.

The term “gel-strength” refers to the ability or a measure of a proteinto form gels.

The term “fatty acids” refers to long-chain aliphatic acids (alkanoicacids) of varying chain length, from about C₁₂ to C₂₂ (although bothlonger and shorter chain-length acids are known). The predominant chainlengths are between C₁₆ and C₂₂. The structure of a fatty acid isrepresented by a simple notation system of “X:Y”, where X is the totalnumber of C atoms in the particular fatty acid and Y is the number ofdouble bonds.

Generally, fatty acids are classified as saturated or unsaturated. Theterm “saturated fatty acids” refers to those fatty acids that have no“double bonds” between their carbon backbone. In contrast, “unsaturatedfatty acids” have “double bonds” along their carbon backbones (which aremost commonly in the cis-configuration). “Monounsaturated fatty acids”have only one “double bond” along the carbon backbone (e.g., usuallybetween the 9^(th) and 10^(th) carbon atom as for palmitoleic acid(16:1) and oleic acid (18:1)), while “polyunsaturated fatty acids” (or“PUFAs”) have at least two double bonds along the carbon backbone (e.g.,between the 9^(th) and 10^(th), and 12^(th) and 13^(th) carbon atoms forlinoleic acid (18:2); and between the 9^(th) and 10^(th), 12^(th) and13^(th), and 15^(th) and 16^(th) for α-linolenic acid (18:3)).

The term “total fatty acid content” refers to the sum of the five majorfatty acid components found in soybeans, namely C16:0, C18:0, C18:1,C18:2, and C18:3. The term “total polyunsaturated fatty acid content”refers to the total C18:2 plus C18:3 content.

For the purposes of the present disclosure, the omega-reference systemwill be used to indicate the number of carbons, the number of doublebonds and the position of the double bond closest to the omega carbon,counting from the omega carbon (which is the terminal carbon of thealiphatic chain and is numbered 1 for this purpose). This nomenclatureis shown below in Table 1, in the column titled “Shorthand Notation”.

TABLE 1 Nomenclature of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Shorthand CommonName Abbreviation Chemical Name Notation Linoleic LAcis-9,12-octadecadienoic 18:2 ω-6 α-Linolenic αLIN cis-9,12,15- 18:3 ω-3octadecatrienoic

The term “desaturase” refers to a polypeptide that can desaturate, i.e.,introduce a double bond, in one or more fatty acids to produce a mono-or polyunsaturated fatty acid or precursor which is of interest. Despiteuse of the omega-reference system throughout the specification inreference to specific fatty acids, it is more convenient to indicate theactivity of a desaturase by counting from the carboxyl end of thesubstrate using the Δ-system.

The terms “FAD” and fatty acid desaturase are used interchangeably andrefer to membrane bound microsomal oleoyl- andlinoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine desaturases that convert oleic acid tolinoleic acid and linoleic acid to linolenic acid, respectively, inreactions that reduce molecular oxygen to water and require the presenceof NADH.

The term “high oleic soybean” refers to soybean seeds that have an oleicacid content of at least 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%,69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%,83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and 95% ofthe seed by weight. Preferred high oleic soybean oil starting materialsare disclosed in World Patent Publication WO94/11516, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference.

The term enzyme “activity” refers to the ability of an enzyme to converta substrate to a product.

The terms “polynucleotide”, “polynucleotide sequence”, “nucleic acidsequence”, “nucleic acid fragment”, and “isolated nucleic acid fragment”are used interchangeably herein. These terms encompass nucleotidesequences and the like. A polynucleotide may be a polymer of RNA or DNAthat is single- or double-stranded, that optionally contains synthetic,non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. A polynucleotide in the form ofa polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA,genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, or mixtures thereof. Nucleotides (usuallyfound in their 5′-monophosphate form) are referred to by a single letterdesignation as follows: “A” for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA orDNA, respectively), “C” for cytidylate or deoxycytidylate, “G” forguanylate or deoxyguanylate, “U” for uridylate, “T” fordeoxythymidylate, “R” for purines (A or G), “Y” for pyrimidines (C orT), “K” for G or T, “H” for A or C or T, “I” for inosine, and “N” forany nucleotide.

The terms “subfragment that is functionally equivalent” and“functionally equivalent subfragment” are used interchangeably herein.These terms refer to a portion or subsequence of an isolated nucleicacid fragment in which the ability to alter gene expression or produce acertain phenotype is retained whether or not the fragment or subfragmentencodes an active enzyme. For example, the fragment or subfragment canbe used in the design of chimeric genes to produce the desired phenotypein a transformed plant.

Chimeric genes can be designed for use in suppression by linking anucleic acid fragment or subfragment thereof, whether or not it encodesan active enzyme, in the sense or antisense orientation relative to aplant promoter sequence.

The terms “homology”, “homologous”, “substantially similar” and“corresponding substantially” are used interchangeably herein. Theyrefer to nucleic acid fragments wherein changes in one or morenucleotide bases do not affect the ability of the nucleic acid fragmentto mediate gene expression or produce a certain phenotype. These termsalso refer to modifications of the nucleic acid fragments of the instantinvention such as deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides thatdo not substantially alter the functional properties of the resultingnucleic acid fragment relative to the initial, unmodified fragment. Itis therefore understood, as those skilled in the art will appreciate,that the invention encompasses more than the specific exemplarysequences.

“Gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specificprotein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-codingsequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence.“Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its ownregulatory sequences. “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not anative gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are notfound together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may compriseregulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived fromdifferent sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derivedfrom the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that foundin nature. A “foreign” gene refers to a gene not normally found in thehost organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by genetransfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into anon-native organism, or chimeric genes. A “transgene” is a gene that hasbeen introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure. An“allele” is one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a givenlocus on a chromosome. When all the alleles present at a given locus ona chromosome are the same that plant is homozygous at that locus. If thealleles present at a given locus on a chromosome differ that plant isheterozygous at that locus. A “codon-optimized gene” is a gene havingits frequency of codon usage designed to mimic the frequency ofpreferred codon usage of the host cell.

“Coding sequence” refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a specificamino acid sequence. “Regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotidesequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, ordownstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and whichinfluence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translationof the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include, butare not limited to, promoters, translation leader sequences, introns,and polyadenylation recognition sequences.

“Promoter” refers to a region of DNA capable of controlling theexpression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. The promoter sequenceconsists of proximal and more distal upstream elements. These upstreamelements are often referred to as enhancers. Accordingly, an “enhancer”is a DNA sequence that can stimulate promoter activity, and may be aninnate element of the promoter or a heterologous element inserted toenhance the level or tissue-specificity of a promoter. Promoters may bederived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed ofdifferent elements derived from different promoters found in nature, oreven comprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilledin the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a genein different tissues or cell types, or at different stages ofdevelopment, or in response to different environmental conditions. It isfurther recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries ofregulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments ofsome variation may have identical promoter activity. Promoters thatcause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times arecommonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. New promoters ofvarious types useful in plant cells are constantly being discovered;numerous examples may be found in the compilation by Okamuro andGoldberg (1989) Biochemistry of Plants 15:1-82.

Any seed-specific promoter can be used in accordance with the method ofthe invention. Thus, the origin of the promoter chosen to driveexpression of the recombinant DNA fragment is not critical as long as itis capable of accomplishing the invention by transcribing enough RNAfrom the desired nucleic acid fragment(s) in the seed.

A plethora of promoters is described in WO 00/18963, published on Apr.6, 2000, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.Examples of seed-specific promoters include, and are not limited to, thepromoter for soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (Kti3, Jofuku and Goldberg(1989) Plant Cell 1:1079-1093) β-conglycinin (Chen et al. (1989) Dev.Genet. 10: 112-122), the napin promoter, and the phaseolin promoter.

Specific examples of promoters that may be useful in expressing thenucleic acid fragments of the invention include, but are not limited to,the SAM synthetase promoter (PCT Publication WO0/37662, published Jun.29, 2000), the CaMV 35S (Odell et al (1985) Nature 313:810-812), and thepromoter described in PCT Publication WO02/099063 published Dec. 12,2002.

The “translation leader sequence” refers to a polynucleotide sequencelocated between the promoter sequence of a gene and the coding sequence.The translation leader sequence is present in the fully processed mRNAupstream of the translation start sequence. The translation leadersequence may affect processing of the primary transcript to mRNA, mRNAstability or translation efficiency. Examples of translation leadersequences have been described (Turner and Foster (1995) Mol. Biotechnol.3:225-236).

The “3′ non-coding sequences” or “transcription terminator/terminationsequences” refer to DNA sequences located downstream of a codingsequence and include polyadenylation recognition sequences and othersequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNAprocessing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usuallycharacterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts tothe 3′ end of the mRNA precursor. The use of different 3′ non-codingsequences is exemplified by Ingelbrecht et al. (1989) Plant Cell1:671-680.

An “intron” is an intervening sequence in a gene that does not encode aportion of the protein sequence. Thus, such sequences are transcribedinto RNA but are then excised and are not translated. The term is alsoused for the excised RNA sequences. An “exon” is a portion of thesequence of a gene that is transcribed and is found in the maturemessenger RNA derived from the gene, but is not necessarily a part ofthe sequence that encodes the final gene product.

“RNA transcript” refers to the product resulting from RNApolymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNAtranscript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it isreferred to as the primary transcript. An RNA transcript is referred toas the mature RNA when it is an RNA sequence derived frompost-transcriptional processing of the primary transcript. “MessengerRNA (mRNA)” refers to the RNA that is without introns and that can betranslated into protein by the cell. “cDNA” refers to a DNA that iscomplementary to and synthesized from a mRNA template using the enzymereverse transcriptase. The cDNA can be single-stranded or converted intothe double-stranded form using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I.“Sense” RNA refers to RNA transcript that includes the mRNA and can betranslated into protein within a cell or in vitro. “Antisense RNA”refers to an RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of atarget primary transcript or mRNA, and that blocks the expression of atarget gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065). The complementarity of anantisense RNA may be with any part of the specific gene transcript,i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-coding sequence, introns, orthe coding sequence. “Functional RNA” refers to antisense RNA, ribozymeRNA, or other RNA that may not be translated but yet has an effect oncellular processes. The terms “complement” and “reverse complement” areused interchangeably herein with respect to mRNA transcripts, and aremeant to define the antisense RNA of the message.

The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acidsequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of oneis regulated by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linkedwith a coding sequence when it is capable of regulating the expressionof that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under thetranscriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can beoperably linked to regulatory sequences in a sense or antisenseorientation. In another example, the complementary RNA regions of theinvention can be operably linked, either directly or indirectly, 5′ tothe target mRNA, or 3′ to the target mRNA, or within the target mRNA, ora first complementary region is 5′ and its complement is 3′ to thetarget mRNA.

The term “endogenous RNA” refers to any RNA which is encoded by anynucleic acid sequence present in the genome of the host prior totransformation with the recombinant construct of the present invention,whether naturally-occurring or non-naturally occurring, i.e., introducedby recombinant means, mutagenesis, etc.

The term “non-naturally occurring” means artificial, not consistent withwhat is normally found in nature.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used hereinare well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook etal., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1989. Transformation methods arewell known to those skilled in the art and are described below.

“PCR” or “Polymerase Chain Reaction” is a technique for the synthesis oflarge quantities of specific DNA segments, consists of a series ofrepetitive cycles (Perkin Elmer Cetus Instruments, Norwalk, Conn.).Typically, the double stranded DNA is heat denatured, the two primerscomplementary to the 3′ boundaries of the target segment are annealed atlow temperature and then extended at an intermediate temperature. Oneset of these three consecutive steps is referred to as a cycle.

The term “recombinant” refers to an artificial combination of twootherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis orby the manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids by geneticengineering techniques.

The terms “plasmid”, “vector” and “cassette” refer to an extrachromosomal element often carrying genes that are not part of thecentral metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circulardouble-stranded DNA fragments. Such elements may be autonomouslyreplicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotidesequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA orRNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequenceshave been joined or recombined into a unique construction which iscapable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for aselected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequenceinto a cell. “Transformation cassette” refers to a specific vectorcontaining a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreigngene that facilitates transformation of a particular host cell.“Expression cassette” refers to a specific vector containing a foreigngene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that allow forenhanced expression of that gene in a foreign host.

The terms “recombinant construct”, “expression construct”, “chimericconstruct”, “construct”, and “recombinant DNA construct” are usedinterchangeably herein. A recombinant construct comprises an artificialcombination of nucleic acid fragments, e.g., regulatory and codingsequences that are not found together in nature. For example, a chimericconstruct may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences thatare derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and codingsequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a mannerdifferent than that found in nature. Such construct may be used byitself or may be used in conjunction with a vector. If a vector is usedthen the choice of vector is dependent upon the method that will be usedto transform host cells as is well known to those skilled in the art.For example, a plasmid vector can be used. The skilled artisan is wellaware of the genetic elements that must be present on the vector inorder to successfully transform, select and propagate host cellscomprising any of the isolated nucleic acid fragments of the invention.The skilled artisan will also recognize that different independenttransformation events will result in different levels and patterns ofexpression (Jones et al., (1985) EMBO J. 4:2411-2418; De Almeida et al.,(1989) Mol. Gen. Genetics 218:78-86), and thus that multiple events mustbe screened in order to obtain lines displaying the desired expressionlevel and pattern. Such screening may be accomplished by Southernanalysis of DNA, Northern analysis of mRNA expression, immunoblottinganalysis of protein expression, or phenotypic analysis, among others.

The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the production of afunctional end-product e.g., a mRNA or a protein (precursor or mature).

The term “expression cassette” as used herein, refers to a discretenucleic acid fragment into which a nucleic acid sequence or fragment canbe moved.

“Mature” protein refers to a post-translationally processed polypeptide;i.e., one from which any pre- or propeptides present in the primarytranslation product have been removed. “Precursor” protein refers to theprimary product of translation of mRNA; i.e., with pre- and propeptidesstill present. Pre- and propeptides may be but are not limited tointracellular localization signals.

“Cosuppression” refers to the production of sense RNA transcriptscapable of suppressing the expression of identical or substantiallysimilar native genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,020, which issued to Jorgensenet al. on Jul. 27, 1999). Co-suppression constructs in plants have beenpreviously designed by focusing on overexpression of a nucleic acidsequence having homology to a native mRNA, in the sense orientation,which results in the reduction of all RNA having homology to theoverexpressed sequence (see Vaucheret et al. (1998) Plant J. 16:651-659;and Gura (2000) Nature 404:804-808). “Antisense inhibition” refers tothe production of antisense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing theexpression of the target protein. Plant viral sequences may be used todirect the suppression of proximal mRNA encoding sequences (PCTPublication WO 98/36083 published on Aug. 20, 1998). “Hairpin”structures that incorporate all, or part, of an mRNA encoding sequencein a complementary orientation resulting in a potential “stem-loop”structure for the expressed RNA have been described (PCT Publication WO99/53050 published on Oct. 21, 1999). In this case the stem is formed bypolynucleotides corresponding to the gene of interest inserted in eithersense or anti-sense orientation with respect to the promoter and theloop is formed by some polynucleotides of the gene of interest, which donot have a complement in the construct. This increases the frequency ofcosuppression or silencing in the recovered transgenic plants. Forreview of hairpin suppression see Wesley et al. (2003) Methods inMolecular Biology, Plant Functional Genomics: Methods and Protocols236:273-286. A construct where the stem is formed by at least 30nucleotides from a gene to be suppressed and the loop is formed by arandom nucleotide sequence has also effectively been used forsuppression (WO 99/61632 published on Dec. 2, 1999). The use of poly-Tand poly-A sequences to generate the stem in the stem-loop structure hasalso been described (WO 02/00894 published Jan. 3, 2002). Yet anothervariation includes using synthetic repeats to promote formation of astem in the stem-loop structure. Transgenic organisms prepared with suchrecombinant DNA fragment show reduced levels of the protein encoded bythe polynucleotide from which the nucleotide fragment forming the loopis derived as described in PCT Publication WO 02/00904, published Jan.3, 2002. The use of constructs that result in dsRNA has also beendescribed. In these constructs convergent promoters direct transcriptionof gene-specific sense and antisense RNAs inducing gene suppression (seefor example Shiet al. (2000) RNA 6:1069-1076; Bastinet al. (2000) J.Cell Sci. 113:3321-3328; Giordanoet al. (2002) Genetics 160:637-648;LaCount, and Donelson. US patent Application No. 20020182223, publishedDec. 5, 2002; Tranet al. (2003) BMC Biotechnol. 3:21; and Applicant'sU.S. Provisional Application No. 60/578,404, filed Jun. 9, 2004).

Other methods for suppressing an enzyme include, but are not limited to,use of polynucleotides that may form a catalytic RNA or may haveribozyme activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071 issued Jan. 22, 1991), andmicro RNA (also called miRNA) interference (Javier et al. (2003) Nature425:257-263).

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small regulatory RNAs that control geneexpression. miRNAs bind to regions of target RNAs and inhibit theirtranslation and, thus, interfere with production of the polypeptideencoded by the target RNA. miRNAs can be designed to be complementary toany region of the target sequence RNA including the 3′ untranslatedregion, coding region, etc. miRNAs are processed from highly structuredRNA precursors that are processed by the action of a ribonuclease IIItermed DICER. While the exact mechanism of action of miRNAs is unknown,it appears that they function to regulate expression of the target gene.See, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0268441 Al which waspublished on Dec. 30, 2004.

The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the production of afunctional end-product, be it mRNA or translation of mRNA into apolypeptide.

“Antisense inhibition” refers to the production of antisense RNAtranscripts capable of suppressing the expression of the target protein.“Co-suppression” refers to the production of sense RNA transcriptscapable of suppressing the expression of identical or substantiallysimilar foreign or endogenous genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,020).

“Overexpression” refers to the production of a functional end-product intransgenic organisms that exceeds levels of production when compared toexpression of that functional end-product in a normal, wild type ornon-transformed organism.

“Stable transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acidfragment into a genome of a host organism, including both nuclear andorganellar genomes, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Incontrast, “transient transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleicacid fragment into the nucleus, or DNA-containing organelle, of a hostorganism resulting in gene expression without integration or stableinheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acidfragments are referred to as “transgenic” organisms.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used hereinare well known in the art and are described by Sambrook et al.,Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring HarborLaboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989); by Silhavy et al.,Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y. (1984); and by Ausubel et al., Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, published by Greene Publishing Assoc. andWiley-Interscience (1987). Once the recombinant construct has been made,it may then be introduced into a plant cell or yeast cell of choice bymethods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art including, forexample, transfection, transformation and electroporation (see below).Oilseed plant cells are the preferred plant cells. The transformed plantcell is then cultured and regenerated under suitable conditionspermitting expression of the recombinant construct which is thenrecovered and purified.

Recombinant constructs may be introduced into one plant cell or,alternatively, a construct may be introduced into separate plant cells.

Expression in a plant cell may be accomplished in a transient or stablefashion as is described above.

Plant parts include differentiated and undifferentiated tissues,including but not limited to: roots, stems, shoots, leaves, pollen,seeds, tumor tissue, and various forms of cells and culture such assingle cells, protoplasts, embryos, and callus tissue. The plant tissuemay be in plant or in organ, tissue or cell culture.

The term “plant organ” refers to plant tissue or group of tissues thatconstitute a morphologically and functionally distinct part of a plant.The term “genome” refers to the following: 1. The entire complement ofgenetic material (genes and non-coding sequences) is present in eachcell of an organism, or virus or organelle. 2. A complete set ofchromosomes inherited as a (haploid) unit from one parent. The term“stably integrated” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragmentinto the genome of a host organism or cell resulting in geneticallystable inheritance.

Methods for transforming dicots, primarily by use of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens, and obtaining transgenic plants have been published, amongothers, for cotton (U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,863, U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,135);soybean (U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,834, U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,011); Brassica(U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,174); peanut (Cheng et al. (1996) Plant Cell Rep.15:653-657, McKently et al. (1995) Plant Cell Rep. 14:699-703); papaya(Ling et al. (1991) Bio/technology 9:752-758); and pea (Grant et al.(1995) Plant Cell Rep. 15:254-258). For a review of other commonly usedmethods of plant transformation see Newell (2000) Mol. Biotechnol.16:53-65. One of these methods of transformation uses Agrobacteriumrhizogenes (Tepfler, and Casse-Delbart (1987) Microbiol. Sci. 4:24-28).Transformation of soybeans using direct delivery of DNA has beenpublished using PEG fusion (PCT publication WO 92/17598),electroporation (Chowrira et al. (1995) Mol. Biotechnol. 3:17-23;Christou et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:3962-3966),microinjection, or particle bombardment (McCabe et. al. (1988)Bio/Technology 6:923; Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671-674).

There are a variety of methods for the regeneration of plants from planttissue. The particular method of regeneration will depend on thestarting plant tissue and the particular plant species to beregenerated. The regeneration, development and cultivation of plantsfrom single plant protoplast transformants or from various transformedexplants is well known in the art (Weissbach and Weissbach, (1988) In.:Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, (Eds.), Academic: San Diego,Calif.). This regeneration and growth process typically includes thesteps of selection of transformed cells, culturing those individualizedcells through the usual stages of embryonic development through therooted plantlet stage. Transgenic embryos and seeds are similarlyregenerated. The resulting transgenic rooted shoots are thereafterplanted in an appropriate plant growth medium such as soil. Preferably,the regenerated plants are self-pollinated to provide homozygoustransgenic plants. Otherwise, pollen obtained from the regeneratedplants is crossed to seed-grown plants of agronomically important lines.Conversely, pollen from plants of these important lines is used topollinate regenerated plants. A transgenic plant of the presentinvention containing a desired polypeptide is cultivated using methodswell known to one skilled in the art.

In addition to the above discussed procedures, practitioners arefamiliar with the standard resource materials which describe specificconditions and procedures for the construction, manipulation andisolation of macromolecules (e.g., DNA molecules, plasmids, etc.),generation of recombinant DNA fragments and recombinant expressionconstructs and the screening and isolating of clones, (see for example,Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, ColdSpring Harbor: NY; Maliga et al. (1995) Methods in Plant MolecularBiology, Cold Spring Harbor: NY; Birren et al. (1998) Genome Analysis:Detecting Genes, 1, Cold Spring Harbor: NY; Birren et al. (1998) GenomeAnalysis: Analyzing DNA, 2, Cold Spring Harbor: NY; Plant MolecularBiology: A Laboratory Manual, eds. Clark, Springer: NY (1997)).

In one aspect, the present invention includes protein products derivedfrom high oleic soybeans.

The present invention includes a protein product obtained from higholeic soybeans wherein said product has at least one characteristicselected from the group consisting of improved whiteness, reduced gelstrength and reduced viscosity when compared to a soy protein productobtained from a commodity soybean using the same process as that toobtain the soy protein product from a high oleic soybean.

Another embodiment concerns a protein product obtained from high oleicsoybeans, wherein the whiteness index is increased by at least 3%, 4%,5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%,20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%,34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%,48%, 49%, or 50% when compared to a soy protein product obtained from acommodity soybean using the same process as that to obtain the soyprotein product from a high oleic soybean.

An additional embodiment concerns a protein product obtained from higholeic soybeans, wherein the gel strength is reduced by at least 25%,26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%.40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%,54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60% when compared to a soy proteinproduct obtained from a commodity soybean using the same process as thatto obtain the soy protein product from a high oleic soybean.

An additional embodiment concerns an unhydrolyzed protein productobtained from high oleic soybeans, wherein the gel strength is reducedwhen compared to a soy protein product obtained from a commodity soybeanusing the same process as that to obtain the soy protein product from ahigh oleic soybean.

An additional embodiment concerns an unhydrolyzed protein productobtained from high oleic soybeans, wherein the gel strength is reducedby at least 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%,37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%,51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60% when compared to asoy protein product obtained from a commodity soybean using the sameprocess as that to obtain the soy protein product from a high oleicsoybean.

Yet another embodiment concerns a protein product obtained from higholeic soybeans, wherein the viscosity is reduced by at least 9%, 10%,11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%,25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%,39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%,53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 58%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%,67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%,81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, or 87%, when compared to a soy proteinproduct obtained from a commodity soybean using the same process as thatto obtain the soy protein product from a high oleic soybean.

One advantage to having reduced viscosity is that it improves dryingefficiency. Currently with commodity soy there is a limitation in thefeed solids concentration that can be fed to the dryer as a result ofthe viscosity and propensity to aggregate and form a gel as a result ofexposure to heat. If commodity soy must be dried at high solids, it isnecessary to increase the temperature of the feed solids to preventprotein aggregation with resultant gelling; this increased heat iscostly and results in severe damage to the solubility of the protein.

Reduced viscosity and gel properties allow the operator to significantlyincrease the feed solid concentration, because the slurry can be easilypumped through the equipment at normal temperatures without gelling.

That means that during the drying process, less water has to be removedfor every pound fed to the dryer. This translates into decreased energyusage and more solids that can be dried per hour resulting in moreprotein product for sale.

Another embodiment of the invention concerns a soy protein productselected from the group consisting of a soy protein isolate, a soyprotein concentrate, soy meal, full fat flour, defatted flour, soymilk,textured proteins, textured flours, textured concentrates and texturedisolates.

As used herein, “soymilk” refers to an aqueous mixture of any one ormore of the following, finely ground soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes,soy concentrate, isolated soy protein, soy whey protein, and aqueousextracts of any one or more of the following, soybeans, soy flakes andsoy flour where insoluble material has been removed. Soymilk maycomprise additional components including but not limited to fats,carbohydrates, sweeteners, colorants, stabilizers, thickeners,flavorings, acids, bases.

One way to prepare soymilk is described below.

The stabilizers (carboxymethylcellulose and carrageenan) are dry-blendedwith some sugar and added to 90% water. The mix is agitated withmoderate to high shear for one minute or until no lumps are observed.Sequestrants agents (potassium citrate, sodium hexametaphosphate andpotassium phosphate) are added mixed for one minute. The protein isadded and dispersed well. The slurry is heated to 170° F. and hold for10 minutes. The remaining dry ingredients are added to the proteinslurry and mixed for 5 minutes. The soybean oil is added with constantagitation and mixed for three minutes. Vitamins and minerals blend isdisperse in 10% water, added to the protein slurry and mixed for 5minutes. The pH of the slurry is adjusted to 7.0-7.2 using NaOH asneeded. The slurry is homogenized at 500 psi (second stage) and 2500 psi(first stage). The slurry is pasteurized by ultra-high temperature (UHT)processing at 141° C. (286° F.) for 6 seconds. The mixture is cooled to31° C. (88° F.) and packaged in sterilized bottles. The product isstored at refrigerated temperatures.

As used herein, “soymilk powder” refers to a dewatered soymilk. Soymilkmay be dewatered by many processes that include but are not limited tospray drying, tray drying, tunnel drying, and freeze drying.

Another embodiment of the invention concerns a method for improvingdrying efficiency of a soy protein product, comprising feeding at leastone soy protein product obtained from a high oleic soybean seed athigher feed solids to a pasteurizer or a dryer compared to feeding atleast one soy protein product obtained from a commodity soybean to apasteurizer or dryer.

An additional embodiment of the invention concerns a method forimproving drying efficiency, comprising feeding high oleic soy proteinproducts to a pasteurizer or a dryer at no less than 14%, 15%, 15%, 17%,18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% feedsolids compared to feeding commodity soy protein products using the sameprocess as that to obtain the soy protein product from a high oleicsoybean.

Soy protein products fall into three major groups. These groups arebased on protein content, and range from 40% to over 90%. All threebasic soy protein product groups (except full-fat flours) are derivedfrom defatted flakes. They are the following: soy flours and grits, soyprotein concentrates and soy protein isolates. These are discussed morefully below.

As used herein the term “unhydrolyzed protein product”, “unhydrolyzedsoy protein product” refers to a protein product that has not undergonean enzymatic protein hydrolysis step.

As used herein the term “enzymatic hydrolysis” refers to the breakdownof proteins or chemical compounds by the addition of specific enzymes.

Additional embodiments of the invention include soy protein productswith at least 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%,51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%,65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%,79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,%, 89% , 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96% or 97% protein (N×6.25) on a moisture-free basis.

The soy protein products of the invention can be incorporated into food,beverages, and animal feed.

The term “animal feed” refers to food that is given to animals, such aslivestock and pets. Some feeds provide a healthy and nutritious diet,while others may be lacking in nutrients. Animals are given a wide rangeof different feeds, but the two major types of animal feed are processedanimal feeds (compound feed) and fodder.

Compound feeds are feedstuffs that are blended from various rawmaterials and additives. The main ingredients used in commerciallyprepared feed are the feed grains, which include corn, soybeans,sorghum, oats, and barley. These blends are formulated according to thespecific requirements of the target animal (including different types oflivestock and pets). They are manufactured by feed compounders as mealtype, pellets or crumbles.

Compound feeds can be complete feeds that provide all the daily requirednutrients, concentrates that provide a part of the ration (protein,energy) or supplements that only provide additional micro-nutrients suchas minerals and vitamins.

Oxidation and therefore the shelf life of animal feed ingredients is acommon problem in the industry. Oxidation is an irreversible chemicalreaction in which oxygen reacts with feed and feed components and canresult in decreased animal health and performance. The negative effectsof oxidation can be seen in loss of palatability, degradation of the oilcomponent, development of unwanted breakdown products, changes in color,and loss of energy. Meat obtained from animals grown on oxidized feedhas significantly lower oxidative status compared to animals fed a feedthat has not undergone significant oxidation. Meat from animals feddiets containing high oleic corn products show extended shelf life andgreater oxidative stability (PCT Publication WO/2006/002052, publishedJan. 5, 2006), particularly when combined with antioxidants such astocols. Therefore it is highly desirable to prevent oxidation of feedand feed ingredients to protect both nutritional value and organolepticquality.

Synthetic antioxidants are used to preserve feed quality by preventingthe oxidation of lipids, which can lead to improved animal performance.Generally, synthetic antioxidants can act as free radical scavengers andthereby reduce lipid oxidation. Synthetic antioxidants can prolonganimal feed shelf-life and protect nutritional and organoleptic quality

There are multiple methods to test the oxidation status of solidmaterials including soybean meal and other soybean protein productsincluding accelerating aging methods which predict a material'sshelf-life. One test which can be used is to age a material either atroom temperature or elevated temperatures and to measure the oxidativestatus of the material at specific time points. The OSI instrument isuseful in this regard in that it reflects the length of time needed tostart the oxidation process known as the induction time. A longerinduction time means that the material has greater oxidative stabilityand thereby shelf-life. Other methods include the measurement ofvolatiles and color change.

Methods for obtaining soy protein products are well known to thoseskilled in the art. For example soybean protein products can be obtainedin a variety of ways. Conditions typically used to prepare soy proteinisolates have been described by (Cho, et al, (1981) U.S. Pat. No.4,278,597; Goodnight, et al. (1978) U.S. Pat. No. 4,072,670). Soyprotein concentrates are produced by three basic processes: acidleaching (at about pH 4.5), extraction with alcohol (about 55-80%), anddenaturing the protein with moist heat prior to extraction with water.Conditions typically used to prepare soy protein concentrates have beendescribed by Pass ((1975) U.S. Pat. No. 8,975,74) and Campbell et al.((1985) in New Protein Foods, ed. by Altschul and Wilcke, AcademicPress, Vol., Chapter 10, Seed Storage Proteins, pp 302-338).

“Soybean-containing products” or “Soy products” can be defined as thoseproducts containing/incorporating a soy protein product.

For example, “soy protein products” can include, and are not limited to,those items listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Soy Protein Products Derived from Soybean Seeds^(a) WholeSoybean Products Roasted Soybeans Baked Soybeans Soy Sprouts Soy MilkSpecialty Soy Foods/Ingredients Soy Milk Tofu Tempeh Miso Soy SauceHydrolyzed Vegetable Protein Whipping Protein Processed Soy ProteinProducts Full Fat and Defatted Flours Soy Grits Soy Hypocotyls SoybeanMeal Soy Milk Soy Milk Powder Soy Protein Isolates Soy ProteinConcentrates Textured Soy Proteins Textured Flours and ConcentratesTextured Concentrates Textured Isolates Soy Crisps ^(a)See Soy ProteinProducts: Characteristics, Nutritional Aspects and Utilization (1987).Soy Protein Council.

“Processing” refers to any physical and chemical methods used to obtainthe products listed in Table 2 and includes, and is not limited to, heatconditioning, flaking and grinding, extrusion, solvent extraction, oraqueous soaking and extraction of whole or partial seeds. Furthermore,“processing” includes the methods used to concentrate and isolate soyprotein from whole or partial seeds, as well as the various traditionalOriental methods in preparing fermented soy food products. TradingStandards and Specifications have been established for many of theseproducts (see National Oilseed Processors Association Yearbook andTrading Rules 1991-1992).

Defatted flakes refer to flaked, dehulled cotyledons that have beendefatted and treated with controlled heat to remove the remaininghexane. This term can also refer to a flour or grit that has beenground.

“White” flakes refer to flaked, dehulled cotyledons that have beendefatted and treated with controlled heat to remove the remaininghexane. This term can also refer to a flour that has been ground.

“Grits” refer to defatted, dehulled cotyledons having a U.S. Standardscreen size of between No. 10 and 80.

“Soy Protein Concentrates” refer to those products produced fromdehulled, defatted soybeans and typically contain 65 wt % to 90 wt % soyprotein on a moisture free basis. Soy protein concentrates are typicallymanufactured by three basic processes: acid leaching (at about pH 4.5),extraction with alcohol (about 55-80%), and denaturing the protein withmoist heat prior to extraction with water. Conditions typically used toprepare soy protein concentrates have been described by Pass (1975) U.S.Pat. No. 3,897,574; Campbell et al., (1985) in New Protein Foods, ed. byAltschul and Wilcke, Academic Press, Vol. 5, Chapter 10, Seed StorageProteins, pp 302-338).

As used herein, the term “soy protein isolate” or “isolated soy protein”refers to a soy protein containing material that contains at least 90%soy protein by weight on a moisture free basis.

“Extrusion” refers to processes whereby material (grits, flour orconcentrate) is passed through a jacketed auger using high pressures andtemperatures as a means of altering the texture of the material.“Texturing” and “structuring” refer to extrusion processes used tomodify the physical characteristics of the material. The characteristicsof these processes, including thermoplastic extrusion, have beendescribed previously (Atkinson (1970) U.S. Pat. No. 3,488,770, Horan(1985) In New Protein Foods, ed. by Altschul and Wilcke, Academic Press,Vol. 1A, Chapter 8, pp 367-414). Moreover, conditions used duringextrusion processing of complex foodstuff mixtures that include soyprotein products have been described previously (Rokey (1983) FeedManufacturing Technology III, 222-237; McCulloch, U.S. Pat. No.4,454,804).

Residual fatty acid analysis. The commercial process used to de-fat soyflakes with hexane leaves a residue of fatty acids that can act assubstrate for generation of off-flavor compounds. Depending on themethod of analysis, the residual fat content of hexane-defatted soyflakes can range from, 0.6-1.0% (W:W) (ether extractable; AOCS Method920.39 (Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC International (1995),16^(th) Edition, Method 920.39C, Locator #4.2.01 (modified)) to 2.5-3%(W:W) (acid hydrolysable; AOAC Method 922.06 (Official Methods ofAnalysis of the AOAC International (1995), 16^(th) Edition, Method922.06, Locator 32.1.13 (modified)). The principle reason for thediscrepancy between these two methods of estimating residual fatty acidsis the chemical nature of the fat classes associated with the proteinmatrix after hexane extraction. A small proportion of the residual fattyacid is in the form of neutral lipid (i.e., triglyceride) and theremainder is present as polar lipid (e.g., phospholipids, a.k.a.,lecithin). Because of its polar nature the phospholipid is inaccessibleto ether extraction and is only removed from the protein matrix if acidhydrolysis or some other stringent extraction protocol is performed.Therefore, the ether extraction technique gives an estimation of theneutral lipid fraction whereas the acid hydrolysable method gives abetter estimate of the total residual fatty acid content (i.e., neutraland polar fractions).

Both of the AOAC methods described above rely on gravimetricdeterminations of the residual fatty acids and, although in combinationthey give an indication of the fat classes (neutral vs. polar), suchestimates are crude and are subject to interference from otherhydrophobic materials (e.g. saponins). Further, no information isobtained on the fatty acid composition and how it may have been affectedby various experimental treatments or by the genetics of the startingmaterial. AOAC methods for the determination of the fatty acidcomposition of residual fatty acids are available (Official Methods ofAnalysis of the AOAC International (2000), 17^(th) Edition, Method983.23 Locator 45.4.02, Method 969.33 Locator 41.1.28, Method 996.06Locator 41.1.28A). These are based on the conversion of residual fattyacids, extracted by acid hydrolysis, to fatty acid methyl esters priorto analysis by gas chromatography. Such techniques are rarely used toassess the residual fatty acid content of food materials in commercialsettings although they are used for fatty acid evaluations in support ofnutritional labeling. A report in which these methods have been used todetermine the residual fatty acid composition of commercial soy proteinisolates has recently been published (Solina et al. (2005) Volatilearoma components of soy protein isolate and acid-hydrolysed vegetableprotein Food Chemistry 90: 861-873)

A facile method for determining the fatty acid composition of theresidual fats in soy protein products is described in Example 24. Theadvantage of this method over others is that it requires no extractionof the residual fats from the matrix prior to derivatization for GCanalysis. Further, the technique is suitable for all forms of fattyacids i.e., whether they are initially present as free fatty acids or asfatty acid esters e.g., tri-glycerides or phospholipids (Chistie (1989)Gas Chromatography and Lipids; The Oily Press. Ayr, Scotland). Thetechnique will also remove fatty acids from the protein matrix even ifthe polar head group of the phospholipid is covalently bound to theprotein.

Also, within the scope of this invention are food, food supplements,food bars, and beverages as well as animal feed (such as pet foods) thathave incorporated therein a soybean protein product of the invention.The beverage can be in a liquid or in a dry powdered form.

The foods to which the soybean protein product of the invention can beincorporated/added include almost all foods, beverages and feed (such aspet foods). For example, there can be mentioned food supplements, foodbars, meats such as meat alternatives, ground meats, emulsified meats,marinated meats, and meats injected with a soybean protein product ofthe invention. Included may be beverages such as nutritional beverages,sports beverages, protein-fortified beverages, juices, milk, milkalternatives, and weight loss beverages. Mentioned may also be cheesessuch as hard and soft cheeses, cream cheese, and cottage cheese.Included may also be frozen desserts such as ice cream, ice milk, lowfat frozen desserts, and non-dairy frozen desserts. Finally, yoghurts,soups, puddings, bakery products, salad dressings, spreads, and dips(such as mayonnaise and chip dips) may be included.

A soy protein product can be added in an amount selected to deliver adesired amount to a food and/or beverage. The terms “soybean proteinproduct” and “soy protein product” are used interchangeably herein.

Any high oleic soybean seed, whether transgenic or non-transgenic, canbe used as a source of soy protein product.

Soybeans with decreased levels of saturated fatty acids have beendescribed resulting from mutation breeding (Erickson et al. (1994) J.Hered. 79:465-468; Schnebly et al. (1994) Crop Sci. 34:829-833; and Fehret al. (1991) Crop Sci. 31:88-89) and transgenic modification (U.S. Pat.No. 5,530,186). Soybeans with decreased levels of polyunsaturated fattyacids have been described resulting from mutation breeding andselection. Reduced levels of linolenic acid have been achieved atrelatively constant linoleic acid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,369 and U.S. Pat.No. 5,986,118). Decreased linoleic and linolenic acids combined havealso been achieved using mutation breeding, genetic crosses andselection (Rahman, S. M. et al. (2001) Crop Sci. 41:26-29). Thesemethods produced soybean seeds with oil profiles having linolenic acidcontents of from 1% to 3% of the total fatty acids and total levels ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids of about 30 to 35% as compared to greaterthan 6% linolenic acid and greater than 50% total polyunsaturated fattyacids in commodity soybeans.

The discovery of a method for altering the expression of the enzymesresponsible for introduction of the second (international patentpublication WO 94/11516) and third (international patent publication WO93/11245) double bonds into soybean seed storage lipid in a directedmanner has allowed the production of soybeans with a highmono-unsaturated, very low polyunsaturated fatty acid content andespecially a very low linolenic acid content. The genetic combination ofthese two transgene profiles described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,448 leadsto a soybean line with minimal poly-unsaturates and highmono-unsaturates and extreme environmental stability of the seed fattyacid profile.

The gene for microsomal delta-12 fatty acid desaturases described in WO94/11516, can be used to make a high oleic acid soybean variety. Theresulting high oleic acid soybean variety was one in which thepolyunsaturated fatty acids were reduced from 70% of the total fattyacids to less than 5%.

Two soybean fatty acid desaturases, designated FAD2-1 and FAD2-2, areΔ-12 desaturases that introduce a second double bond into oleic acid toform linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid. FAD2-1 is expressedonly in the developing seed (Heppard et al. (1996) Plant Physiol.110:311-319). The expression of this gene increases during the period ofoil deposition, starting around 19 days after flowering, and its geneproduct is responsible for the synthesis of the polyunsaturated fattyacids found in soybean oil. GmFad 2-1 is described in detail by Okuley,J. et al. (1994) Plant Cell 6:147-158 and in WO94/11516. It is availablefrom the ATCC in the form of plasmid pSF2-169K (ATCC accession number69092). FAD 2-2 is expressed in the seed, leaf, root and stem of the soyplant at a constant level and is the “housekeeping” 12-desaturase gene.The Fad 2-2 gene product is responsible for the synthesis ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids for cell membranes.

Since FAD2-1 is the major enzyme of this type in soybean seeds,reduction in the expression of FAD2-1 results in increased accumulationof oleic acid (18:1) and a corresponding decrease in polyunsaturatedfatty acid content.

Reduction of expression of FAD2-2 in combination with FAD2-1 leads to agreater accumulation of oleic acid and corresponding decrease inpolyunsaturated fatty acid content.

FAD3 is a Δ-15 desaturase that introduces a third double bond intolinoleic acid (18:2) to form linolenic acid (18:3). Reduction ofexpression of FAD3 in combination with reduction of FAD2-1 and FAD2-2leads to a greater accumulation of oleic acid and corresponding decreasein polyunsaturated fatty acid content, especially linolenic acid.

Nucleic acid fragments encoding FAD2-1, FAD2-2, and FAD3 have beendescribed in WO 94/11516 and WO 93/11245. Chimeric recombinantconstructs comprising all or a part of these nucleic acid fragments orthe reverse complements thereof operably linked to at least one suitableregulatory sequence can be constructed wherein expression of thechimeric gene results in an altered fatty acid phenotype. A chimericrecombinant construct can be introduced into soybean plants viatransformation techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

Transgenic soybean plants resulting from a transformation with arecombinant DNA are assayed to select plants with altered fatty acidprofiles. The recombinant construct may contain all or part of 1) theFAD2-1 gene or 2) the FAD2-2 gene or 3) the FAD3 gene or 4) combinationsof all or portions of the FAD2-1, Fad2-2, or FAD3 genes.

Recombinant constructs comprising all or part of 1) the FAD2-1 gene withor without 2) all or part of the Fad2-2 gene with or without all or partof the FAD3 gene can be used in making a transgenic soybean plant havinga high oleic phenotype. An altered fatty acid profile, specifically anincrease in the proportion of oleic acid and a decrease in theproportion of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicates that one ormore of the soybean seed FAD genes (FAD2-1, Fad2-2, FAD3) have beensuppressed. Assays may be conducted on soybean somatic embryo culturesand seeds to determine suppression of FAD2-1, Fad2-2, or FAD3.

It is well understood by those skilled in the art that recombinantconstructs comprising sequences other than those specificallyexemplified which have similar functions, may be used. These constructsmay include any seed-specific promoter. These constructs may or may notalso include any nucleotides that promote stem-loop formation. Theseconstructs may contain a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequenceidentical to any portion of the gene or genes mentioned above insertedin sense or anti-sense orientation with respect to the promoter.Finally, these constructs may or may not contain any transcriptiontermination signal.

Once sufficient transgenic seeds having the desired phenotype have beenobtained, soy protein products such as protein isolates or whole beansoymilk may be prepared.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further defined in the following Examples, inwhich parts and percentages are by weight and degrees are Celsius,unless otherwise stated. It should be understood that these Examples,while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given byway of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples,one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics ofthis invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof,can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt itto various usages and conditions. Thus, various modifications of theinvention in addition to those shown and described herein will beapparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description.Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of theappended claims.

The production high oleic soybean lines is described in detail inExamples 3, 5 and 8, but is not limited to the methods describedtherein.

Example 1 Transformation of Soybean (Glycine max) Embryo Cultures andRegeneration of Soybean Plants.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures are transformed by the method ofparticle gun bombardment using procedures known in the art (Klein et al.(1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73; U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Hazel et al.(1998) Plant Cell. Rep. 17:765-772; Samoylov et al. (1998) In Vitro CellDev. Biol.-Plant 34:8-13). In particle gun bombardment procedures it ispossible to use purified 1) entire plasmid DNA or, 2) DNA fragmentscontaining only the recombinant DNA expression cassette(s) of interest.

Stock tissue for transformation experiments are obtained by initiationfrom soybean immature seeds. Secondary embryos are excised from explantsafter 6 to 8 weeks on culture initiation medium. The initiation mediumis an agar-solidified modified MS (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol.Plant. 15:473-497) medium supplemented with vitamins, 2,4-D and glucose.Secondary embryos are placed in flasks in liquid culture maintenancemedium and maintained for 7-9 days on a gyratory shaker at 26+/−2° C.under ˜80 μEm-2 s-1 light intensity. The culture maintenance medium is amodified MS medium supplemented with vitamins, 2,4-D, sucrose andasparagine. Prior to bombardment, clumps of tissue are removed from theflasks and moved to an empty 60×15 mm petri dish for bombardment. Tissueis dried by blotting on Whatman #2 filter paper. Approximately 100-200mg of tissue corresponding to 10-20 clumps (1-5 mm in size each) areused per plate of bombarded tissue.

After bombardment, tissue from each bombarded plate is divided andplaced into two flasks of liquid culture maintenance medium per plate ofbombarded tissue. Seven days post bombardment, the liquid medium in eachflask is replaced with fresh culture maintenance medium supplementedwith 100 ng/ml selective agent (selection medium). For selection oftransformed soybean cells the selective agent used can be a sulfonylurea(SU) compound with the chemical name, 2-chloro-N-((4-methoxy-6methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)aminocarbonyl) benzenesulfonamide (commonnames: DPX-W4189 and chlorsulfuron). Chlorsulfuron is the activeingredient in the DuPont sulfonylurea herbicide, GLEAN®. The selectionmedium containing SU is replaced every week for 6-8 weeks. After the 6-8week selection period, islands of green, transformed tissue are observedgrowing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Theseputative transgenic events are isolated and kept in media with SU at 100ng/ml for another 2-6 weeks with media changes every 1-2 weeks togenerate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspensioncultures. Embryos spend a total of around 8-12 weeks in contact with SU.Suspension cultures are subcultured and maintained as clusters ofimmature embryos and also regenerated into whole plants by maturationand germination of individual somatic embryos.

Example 2 Fatty Acid Analysis of Soybeans

In order to determine altered fatty acid composition as a result ofsuppression of the fatty acid desaturase, the relative amounts of thefatty acids, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic, can bedetermined as follows. Fatty acid methyl esters are prepared fromsingle, mature, somatic soybean embryos or soybean seed chips bytransesterification. One embryo, or a chip from a seed, is placed in avial containing 50 μL of trimethylsulfonium hydroxide and incubated for30 minutes at room temperature while shaking. After 30 minutes 0.5 mL ofhexane is added, the sample is mixed and allowed to settle for 15 to 30minutes to allow the fatty acids to partition into the hexane phase.Fatty acid methyl esters (5 μL from hexane layer) are injected,separated, and quantified using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 Gas Chromatographfitted with an Omegawax 320 fused silica capillary column (Supelco Inc.,Cat#24152). The oven temperature is programmed to hold at 220° C. for2.7 minutes, increase to 240° C. at 20° C. per minute, and then hold foran additional 2.3 minutes. Carrier gas is supplied with a Whatmanhydrogen generator. Retention times were compared to those for methylesters of commercially available standards (Nu-Chek Prep, Inc. catalog#U-99-A).

Example 3 Production of Soybeans with High Levels Oleic Acid and/or HighLevels of Stearic Acid and/or Low Levels of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acidsby Suppression of Fatty Acid Desaturases

Recombinant DNA fragments were prepared and used in transformation ofsoybean for the simultaneous suppression of fatty acid desaturasesFAD2-1 and FAD2-2 and fatty acid desaturase FAD3. A description of theconstruction of the recombinant DNA fragments follows.

A. Recombinant DNA Fragment PHP21676A

Recombinant DNA fragment PHP21676A contains a gene expression silencingcassette designed to silence expression of the FAD2-1 and FAD2-2 genes,and the FAD3 gene, linked in a head to head configuration to the ALSselectable marker recombinant DNA fragment of Example 1D below. Thenucleotide sequence of recombinant DNA fragment PHP21676A is shown inSEQ ID NO:1. Recombinant DNA fragment PHP21676A contains in 5′ to 3′orientation:

-   -   a) the complementary strand of the ALS selectable marker        recombinant DNA fragment of Example 1D below,    -   b) about 2088 nucleotides of the Kti3 promoter,    -   c) a 74-nucleotide synthetic sequence,    -   d) an approximately 1500 polynucleotide fragment comprising        about 470 nucleotides from the soybean FAD2-2 gene, 420        nucleotides from the soybean FAD2-1 gene, and 643 nucleotides        from the soybean FAD3 gene inserted at a unique Not I        restriction endonuclease site,    -   e) an inverted repeat of the 74-nucleotide synthetic sequence in        c), and    -   f) about 202 nucleotides of the Kti3 transcription terminator.

The sequence of the approximately 1500 polynucleotide fragment of itemd) above is shown in SEQ ID NO:2. The approximately 1500 polynucleotidefragment comprising about 470 nucleotides from the soybean FAD2-2 gene,about 420 nucleotides from the soybean FAD2-1 gene, about 643nucleotides from the soybean FAD3 gene was constructed by PCRamplification as follows.

An approximately 0.9 kb DNA fragment, comprising a portion of thesoybean FAD2-2 gene and a portion of the soybean FAD2-1 gene, wasobtained by PCR amplification using primers BM35 (SEQ ID NO:3) and BM39(SEQ ID NO:4) and using as a template, recombinant DNA fragmentKSFAD2-hybrid, described in Example 1B below.

An approximately 0.65 kb DNA fragment, comprising a portion of a FAD3gene, was obtained by PCR amplification using primers BM40 (SEQ ID NO:5)and BM41 (SEQ ID NO:6) and using plasmid pXF1 as template. Plasmid pXF1comprises a polynucleotide encoding a soybean delta-15 desaturase (FAD3)and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,544 issued on Sep. 14, 1999.Plasmid pXF1 was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection(ATCC) of Rockville, Md. on Dec. 3, 1991 under the provisions of theBudapest Treaty, and bears Accession Number ATCC 68874.

The approximately 0.9 kb fragment, comprising a portion of the soybeanFAD2-2 gene and a portion of the soybean FAD2-1 gene, and theapproximately 0.65 kb fragment, comprising a portion of a FAD3 gene,were mixed and used as template for a PCR amplification with BM35 andBM41 as primers to yield an approximately 1533 bp fragment that wascloned into the commercially available plasmid pCR2.1 using the TOPO TACloning Kit (Invitrogen).

After digestion with NotI the approximately 1500 bp fragment having thenucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 was ligated into the NotI siteof plasmid pKS210 (Example 1C below).

B. Recombinant DNA Fragment KSFAD2-Hybrid

Recombinant DNA Fragment KSFAD2-hybrid contains an approximately 890polynucleotide fragment comprising about 470 nucleotides from thesoybean FAD2-2 gene and 420 nucleotides from the soybean FAD2-1 gene.The nucleotide sequence of recombinant DNA fragment KSFAD2-hybrid isshown in SEQ ID NO:7 Recombinant DNA Fragment KSFAD2-hybrid wasconstructed as follows.

An approximately 0.47 kb DNA fragment comprising a portion of thesoybean FAD2-2 gene was obtained by PCR amplification using primers KS1(SEQ ID NO:8) and KS2 (SEQ ID NO:9) and using genomic DNA purified fromleaves of Glycine max cv. Jack as a template.

An approximately 0.42 kb DNA fragment comprising a portion of thesoybean FAD2-1 gene was obtained by PCR amplification using primers KS3(SEQ ID NO:10) and KS4 (SEQ ID NO:11) and using genomic DNA purifiedfrom leaves of Glycine max cv. Jack as a template.

The 0.47 kb fragment comprising a portion of the soybean FAD2-2 gene andthe 0.42 kb fragment comprising a portion of the soybean FAD2-1 genewere gel purified using GeneClean (Qbiogene, Irvine, Calif.), mixed, andused as template for PCR amplification with KS1 and KS4 as primers toyield an approximately 890 bp fragment that was cloned into thecommercially available plasmid pGEM-T Easy (Promega, Madison, Wis.) tocreate a plasmid comprising recombinant DNA Fragment KSFAD2-hybrid.

C. Preparation of Plasmid pKS210 and Plasmid PHP17731

Plasmid pKS210 is derived from the commercially available cloning vectorpSP72 (Promega). The beta lactamase coding region has been replaced by ahygromycin phosphotransferase gene for use as a selectable marker in E.coli. In addition, a gene expression silencing cassette linked in a headto head configuration to the ALS selectable marker recombinant DNAfragment of Example 1B has been added. The gene expression silencingcassette in plasmid pKS210 comprises the KTi3 promoter, a 74 nucleotidesynthetic sequence, a unique NotI restriction endonuclease site, aninverted repeat of the 74 nucleotide synthetic sequence, and the Kti3terminator region. The gene encoding Kti3 has been described (Jofuku andGoldberg (1989) Plant Cell 1:1079-1093). The 74-nucleotide syntheticsequences of c) and e) (above) promote formation of a stem structure.Insertion of a nucleotide fragment from a desired gene in the unique NotI site has been shown to result in suppression of the desired gene asdescribed in PCT Publication WO 02/00904, published 3 Jan. 2002. Thenucleotide sequence of this seed-specific gene expression-silencingcassette from pKS133 is shown in SEQ ID NO:12. A map of plasmid pKS210is shown in FIG. 1 and its nucleotide sequence is disclosed in SEQ IDNO:13.

The recombinant plasmid PHP17731, containing gene sequences for thesimultaneous silencing of one of the soybean delta-9 desaturase genesand the soybean delta-12 desaturase gene FAD2-1, was prepared. Thesoybean KTI promoter, terminator regions along with a synthetic invertedrepeat sequence were taken from plasmid KS133 (WO 2002016565A2, A3). Afragment of the FAD2-1 gene was amplified by PCR using soybean genomicDNA and the sequence in SEQ ID NO 5 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,965 B1 astemplate to produce the fragment of base pairs 5423 to 6033 of SEQ IDNO:14 (PHP17731). Adjacent to that fragment a portion of the codingsequence of copy 3 of the soybean delta-9 desaturase (sequence 1 of WO2002016565A2, A3) was placed, which now comprises bases 6054 to 411 ofPHP17731. Fragment PHP17731A (SEQ ID NO:15) was removed from cloningvector PHP17731 by digestion with restriction endonuclease Asci andpurified as described in section E below. A map of plasmid PHP17731 isshown in FIG. 2.

D. ALS Selectable Marker Recombinant DNA Fragment

A recombinant DNA fragment comprising a constitutive promoter directingexpression of a mutant soybean acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene followedby the soybean ALS 3′ transcription terminator was used as a selectablemarker for soybean transformation. The constitutive promoter used is a1.3-Kb DNA fragment that functions as the promoter for a soybeanS-adenosylmethionine synthase (SAMS) gene and is described in PCTpublication No. WO 00/37662 published 29 Jun. 2000. The nucleotidesequence of this recombinant DNA fragment used as a selectable marker isshown in SEQ ID NO:16. The mutant soybean ALS gene encodes an enzymethat is resistant to inhibitors of ALS, such as sulfonylurea herbicides.The deduced amino acid sequence of the mutant soybean ALS present in therecombinant DNA fragment used as a selectable marker is shown in SEQ IDNO:17.

Mutant plant ALS genes encoding enzymes resistant to sulfonylureaherbicides are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,659. One such mutant isthe tobacco SURB-Hra gene, which encodes a herbicide-resistant ALS withtwo substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the protein. Thistobacco herbicide-resistant ALS contains alanine instead of proline atposition 191 in the conserved “subsequence B” (SEQ ID NO:18) and leucineinstead of tryptophan at position 568 in the conserved “subsequence F”(SEQ ID NO:19) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,659; Lee et al. (1988) EMBO J.7:1241-1248).

The ALS selectable marker recombinant DNA fragment was constructed usinga polynucleotide for a soybean ALS to which the two Hra-like mutationswere introduced by site directed mutagenesis. Thus, this recombinant DNAfragment will translate to a soybean ALS having alanine instead ofproline at position 183 and leucine instead of tryptophan at position560.

In addition, during construction of the SAMS promoter-mutant ALSexpression cassette, the coding region of the soybean ALS gene wasextended at the 5′-end by five additional codons, resulting in fiveamino acids (M-P-H-N-T; SEQ ID NO:20), added to the amino-terminus ofthe ALS protein. These extra amino acids are adjacent to and presumablyremoved with the transit peptide during targeting of the mutant soybeanALS protein to the plastid. A DNA fragment comprising a polynucleotideencoding the soybean ALS was digested with KpnI, blunt ended with T4 DNApolymerase, digested with SalI, and inserted into a plasmid containingthe SAMS promoter which had been previously digested with NcoI and bluntended by filling-in with Klenow DNA polymerase.

A second selectable marker plasmid and subsequent fragment was preparedby substituting an alternative constitutively expressed plant promoterfor the SAMS promoter described above. The synthetic promoter SCP1 (U.S.Pat. No. 6,072,050) was placed in front of the mutant soybean ALS codingsequence to form plasmid PHP17064 (SEQ ID NO 21 and FIG. 3). For use insoybean transformation fragment PHP17064A (SEQ ID NO:22) was excisedfrom its cloning vector using restriction endonuclease XbaI and purifiedas described in section E below.

E. Preparation of Recombinant DNA Fragments, PHP21676A. PHP17731A andPHP17064A, for Soybean Transformation.

For use in plant transformation experiments, the 7993 bp recombinant DNAfragment PHP21676A was removed from its cloning plasmid usingrestriction endonuclease AscI. Each one of the recombinant DNA fragmentsPHP21676A, PHP17731A and PHP17064A was separated from the remainingplasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis. Precipitation of therecombinant DNA fragment onto gold particles and soybean transformationwas performed as described in Example 1. For every eight bombardmenttransformations, 30 μl of solution were prepared with 3 mg of 0.6 μmgold particles and 1 to 90 picograms (pg) of DNA fragment per base pairof DNA fragment.

Alternatively, mixtures of fragments PHP17064A and PHP17731A at eitherequal parts or two parts PHP17731A to PHP17064A were added to goldparticles at the same weight per base pair as described above and usedin transformation to silence the delta-9 and delta-12 desaturase genes.

Example 4 Fatty Acid Analysis of Soybean Transformed with RecombinantDNA Fragments PHP21676A and with PHP17064A and PHP17731A Combined

In a soybean transformation experiment using recombinant DNA fragmentPHP21676A as described above, 67 independently transformed embryogenicsuspension cultures found to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicide wereobtained. An increase in oleic acid as a percentage of the five majorfatty acids, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic, isindicative of suppression of the FAD2 genes. Thirteen of the 67herbicide resistant embryogenic suspension cultures (19%) producedsomatic embryos with greater than 25% oleic acid, compared to about 8%oleic acid for untransformed embryos.

Plants were regenerated and T1 seeds were produced from 9 of the 13events. Seeds were tested for suppression of fatty acid desaturases bymeasuring fatty acid composition of the seed oil as described in Example2. Plants derived from 5 transformation events produced seeds exhibitingthe high oleic acid-low polyunsaturated fatty acid phenotype.

In a soybean transformation experiment, using the mixture of recombinantDNA fragments PHP17064A and PHP17731A, transformed embryogenicsuspension cultures found to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicide wereobtained, screened for the number of copies of the transgene fragmentspresent by southern analysis and then by fatty acid profile of thesomatic embryo. A rise in the level of stearic and of oleic acid wastaken as indicator of silencing of the seed expressed delta-9 desaturaseand delta-12 desaturase. Thirty-three transformed candidate lines wereregenerated to mature soybean plants and seed from the initialtransformants was analyzed for fatty acid profile. From these linesfurther selections were made from seed obtained from selfed plants intwo additional generations. One candidate line was chosen in which thesum of linoleic and linolenic acid was less than 14% of total fattyacids and in which the stearic acid content was greater than 16% oftotal fatty acids.

Example 5 Genetic Material Used to Produce the High Oleic Trait (Version1)

High oleic soybeans were prepared by recombinant manipulation of theactivity of oleoyl 12-desaturase.

GmFad 2-1 was placed under the control of a strong, seed-specificpromoter derived from the α′-subunit of the soybean (Glycine max)β-conglycinin gene. This promoter allows high level, seed specificexpression of the trait gene. It spans the 606 bp upstream of the startcodon of the α′ subunit of the Glycine max β-congylcinin storageprotein. The β-conglycinin promoter sequence represents an allele of thepublished β-conglycinin gene (Doyle et al., (1986) J. Biol. Chem.261:9228-9238) having differences at 27 nucleotide positions. It hasbeen shown to maintain seed specific expression patterns in transgenicplants (Barker et al., (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:458-462 andBeachy et al., (1985) EMBO J. 4:3047-3053). The reading frame wasterminated with a 3′ fragment from the phaseolin gene of green bean(Phaseolus vulgaris). This is a 1174 bp stretch of sequences 3′ of thePhaseolus vulgaris phaseolin gene stop codon (originated from clonedescribed in Doyle et al., 1986).

The GmFad 2-1 open reading frame (ORF) was in a sense orientation withrespect to the promoter so as to produce a gene silencing of the senseGmFad 2-1 cDNA and the endogenous GmFad 2-1 gene. This phenomenon, knownas “sense suppression” is an effective method for deliberately turningoff genes in plants and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323.

For maintenance and replication of the plasmid in E. coli the GmFad 2-1transcriptional unit described above was cloned into plasmid pGEM-9z(−)(Promega Biotech, Madison Wis., USA).

For identification of transformed soybean plants the β-glucuronidasegene (GUS) from E. coli was used. The cassette used consisted of thethree modules; the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter, theβ-glucuronidase gene (GUS) from E. Coli and a 0.77 kb DNA fragmentcontaining the gene terminator from the nopaline synthase (NOS) gene ofthe Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The 35S promoter is a 1.4kb promoter region from CaMV for constitutive gene expression in mostplant tissues (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 303:810-812), the GUS gene a1.85 kb fragment encoding the enzyme β-glucuronidase (Jefferson et al.(1986) PNAS USA 83:8447-8451) and the NOS terminator a portion of the 3′end of the nopaline synthase coding region (Fraley et al., (1983) PNASUS 80:4803-4807). The GUS cassette was cloned into the GmFad2-1/pGEM-9z(−) construct and was designated pBS43.

Plasmid pBS43 was transformed into meristems of the elite soybean lineA2396, by the method of particle bombardment as described in Example 1.Fertile plants were regenerated using methods well known in the art.

From the initial population of transformed plants, a plant was selectedwhich was expressing GUS activity and which was also positive for theGmFad 2-1 gene (Event 260-05) when evaluated by PCR. Small chips weretaken from a number of R1 seeds of plant 260-05 and screened for fattyacid composition. The chipped seed was then planted and germinated.Genomic DNA was extracted from the leaves of the resulting plants andcut with the restriction enzyme Bam HI. The blots were probed with aphaseolin probe.

From the DNA hybridization pattern it was clear that in the originaltransformation event the GmFad 2-1 construct had become integrated attwo different loci in the soybean genome. At one locus (Locus A) theGmFad 2-1 construct was causing a silencing of the endogenous GmFad 2-1gene, resulting in oleic acid contents as shown in Table 3. Forcomparison elite soybean varieties have an oleic acid content of about20%. At locus A there were two copies of pBS43. On the DNA hybridizationblot this was seen as two cosegregating bands. At the other integrationlocus (Locus B) the GmFad 2-1 was over-expressing, thus decreasing theoleic acid content to about 4%.

Fourth generation segregant lines (R4 plants), generated from theoriginal transformant, were allowed to grow to maturity. R4 seeds, whichcontained only the silencing Locus A (e.g., G94-1) did not contain anydetectable GmFad 2-1 mRNA (when measured by Northern blotting) insamples recovered 20 days after flowering. GmFad 2-2 mRNA, althoughreduced somewhat compared with controls, was not suppressed. Thus theGmFad 2-1 sense construct had the desired effect of preventing theexpression of the GmFad 2-1 gene and thus increasing the oleic acidcontent of the seed. All plants homozygous for the GmFad 2-1 silencinglocus had an identical Southern blot profile over a number ofgenerations. This indicates that the insert was stable and at the sameposition in the genome over at least four generations.

Example 6 Fatty Acid Analysis High Oleic Trait (Version 1)

A summary of the oleic acid contents found in the different generationsof recombinant soybean plants and seeds is presented in Table 7. TheFatty Acid composition was determined as described in Example 2.

TABLE 3 Generation Seed Plant ID Planted^(a) Analyzed^(a) Bulk OleicAcid (%) G253 R0:1 R1:2 84.1% G276 R0:1 R1:2 84.2% G296 R0:1 R1:2 84.1%G313 R0:1 R1:2 83.8% G328 R0:1 R1:2 84.0% G168-187 R1:2 R2:3 84.4%G168-171 R1:2 R2:3 85.2% G168-59-4 R2:3 R3:4 84.0% G168-72-1 R2:3 R3:484.1% G168-72-2 R2:3 R3:4 84.5% G168-72-3 R2:3 R3:4 84.3% G168-72-4 R2:3R3:4 83.3% ^(a)R0:1 indicates the seed and the plant grown from seedafter selfing of the first generation transformant. R1:2 indicates theseed and the plant grown from seed after selfing of the secondgeneration transformant. R2:3 indicates the seed and the plant grownfrom seed after selfing of the third generation transformant. R3:4indicates the seed and the plant grown from seed after selfing of thefourth generation transformant.

Example 7 Genetic Material Used to Produce the High Oleic Trait (Version2)

A Soybean (Glycine max) event was produced by particle co-bombardment asdescribed in Example 1 with fragments PHP19340A (FIG. 4; SEQ ID NO:23)and PHP17752A (FIG. 5; SEQ ID NO:24). These fragments were obtained byAsc I digestion from a source plasmid. Fragment PHP19340A was obtainedfrom plasmid PHP19340 (FIG. 6; SEQ ID NO:25) and fragment PHP17752Awasobtained from plasmid PHP17752 (FIG. 7; SEQ ID NO:26). The PHP19340Afragment contains a cassette with a 597 bp fragment of the soybeanmicrosomal omega-6 desaturase gene 1 (gm-fad2-1) (Heppard et al., 1996,Plant Physiol. 110: 311-319).

The presence of the gm-fad2-1 fragment in the expression cassette actsto suppress expression of the endogenous omega-6 desaturases, resultingin an increased level of oleic acid and decreased levels of palmitic,linoleic, and linolenic acid levels. Upstream of the gm-fad2-1 fragmentis the promoter region from the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene 3 (KTi3)(Jofuku and Goldberg, 1989, Plant Cell 1: 1079-1093; Jofuku et al.,1989, Plant Cell 1: 427-435) regulating expression of the transcript.The KTi3 promoter is highly active in soy embryos and 1000-fold lessactive in leaf tissue (Jofuku and Goldberg, 1989, Plant Cell 1:1079-1093). The 3′ untranslated region of the KTi3 gene (KTi3terminator) (Jofuku and Goldberg, 1989, Plant Cell 1: 1079-1093)terminates expression from this cassette.

The PHP17752A fragment contains a cassette with a modified version ofthe soybean acetolactate synthase gene (gm-hra) encoding the GM-HRAprotein with two amino acid residues modified from the endogenous enzymeand five additional amino acids at the N-terminal region of the proteinderived from the translation of the soybean acetolactate synthase gene5′ untranslated region (Falco and Li, 2003, US Patent Application:2003/0226166). The gm-hra gene encodes a form of acetolactate synthase,which is tolerant to the sulfonylurea class of herbicides. The GM-HRAprotein is comprised of 656 amino acids and has a molecular weight ofapproximately 71 kDa.

The expression of the gm-hra gene is controlled by the 5′ promoterregion of the S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS) gene fromsoybean (Falco and Li, 2003, US Patent Application: 2003/0226166). This5′ region consists of a constitutive promoter and an intron thatinterrupts the SAMS 5′ untranslated region (Falco and Li, 2003). Theterminator for the gm-hra gene is the endogenous soybean acetolactatesynthase terminator (als terminator) (Falco and Li, 2003, US PatentApplication: 2003/0226166).

Example 8 Transformation and Selection for the Soybean High Oleic Event(Version 2)

For transformation of soybean tissue, a linear portion of DNA,containing the gm-fad2-1 gene sequence and the regulatory componentsnecessary for expression, was excised from the plasmid PHP19340 throughthe use of the restriction enzyme Asc I and purified using agarose gelelectrophoresis. A linear portion of DNA, containing the gm-hra genesequences and the regulatory components necessary for expression, wasexcised from the plasmid PHP17752 through the use of the restrictionenzyme Asc I and purified using agarose gel electrophoresis. The linearportion of DNA containing the gm-fad2-1 gene is designated insertPHP19340A and is 2924 bp in size. The linear portion of DNA containingthe gm-hra gene is designated insert PHP17752A and is 4511 bp in size.The only DNA introduced into transformation event DP-305423-1 was theDNA of the inserts described above.

The transgenic plants from event DP-305423-1 were obtained bymicroprojectile bombardment as described in Example 1. Embryogenictissue samples were taken for molecular analysis to confirm the presenceof the gm-fad2-1 and gm-hra transgenes by Southern analysis. Plants wereregenerated from tissue derived from each unique event and transferredto the greenhouse for seed production.

Example 9 Southern Analysis of Plants Containing the High Oleic EventVersion 2

Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from frozen soybeanleaf tissue of individual plants of the T4 and T5 generations ofDP-305423-1 and of control (variety: Jack) using a standard UreaExtraction Buffer method. Genomic DNA was quantified on aspectrofluorometer using Pico Green® reagent (Molecular Probes,Invitrogen). Approximately 4 μg of DNA per sample was digested with HindIII or Nco I. For positive control samples, approximately 3 pg (2 genomecopy equivalents) of plasmid PHP19340 or PHP17752 was added to controlsoybean genomic DNA prior to digestion. Negative control samplesconsisted of unmodified soybean genomic DNA (variety: Jack). DNAfragments were separated by size using agarose gel electrophoresis.

Following agarose gel electrophoresis, the separated DNA fragments weredepurinated, denatured, neutralized in situ, and transferred to a nylonmembrane in 20×SSC buffer using the method as described forTURBOBLOTTER™ Rapid Downward Transfer System (Schleicher & Schuell).Following transfer to the membrane, the DNA was bound to the membrane byUV crosslinking.

DNA probes for gm-fad2-1 and gm-hra were labeled with digoxigenin (DIG)by PCR using the PCR DIG Probe Synthesis Kit (Roche).

Labeled probes were hybridized to the target DNA on the nylon membranesfor detection of the specific fragments using DIG Easy Hyb solution(Roche) essentially as described by manufacturer. Post-hybridizationwashes were carried out at high stringency. DIG-labeled probeshybridized to the bound fragments were detected using the CDP-StarChemiluminescent Nucleic Acid Detection System (Roche). Blots wereexposed to X-ray film at room temperature for one or more time points todetect hybridizing fragments. The fatty Acid composition of the eventwas determined as described in Example 2. Oleic acid levels determinedin 29 different events (T1 generation) ranged from 61.5-84.6%. Oleicacid level from one event (T4-T5 generation) ranged from 72-82%.

Example 10 Small Scale Soy Protein Isolate Preparation

Soy protein isolate preparation is performed as described below.

a) Production of Yellow Flake:

Full fat soy flake is prepared in the following manner. A volume ofsoybeans is placed in a closed container, with a small amount of waterto prevent drying of the beans during subsequent microwave heating.Soybeans are heated in a microwave until the temperature reaches 150° F.and then held for 1 minute. The beans are quickly cooled to roomtemperature in a fluid bed cooler for about 1 minute. The soybeans arethen fed through a cracker to produce ½ and ¼ cracks. Hulls are removedin an aspirator and the resulting “meats” carried forward to produceflakes. The meats are placed in a sealed container with a small amountof water and heated in a microwave until the temperature reaches 150° F.and then held for 1 minute. The hot meats are then fed through a flakerto produce soybean flakes that are then cooled quickly to roomtemperature in a fluid bed cooler for about 1 minute. Flakes with a highProtein Dispersibility Index (PDI) are produced with sufficientcharacter for oil removal by solvent extraction. Flakes with lower PDIare produced by increasing the amount of water, temperature and time ofexposure during production.

b) Production of White Flake:

White flake may be produced by contacting yellow flake with hexane toremove oil. In addition to hexane, flakes are extracted solely, or incombination with, other solvent systems that have some degree of oilsolubility such as ethanol, ethanol water mixtures, hexane ethanolmixtures, supercritical CO2 ethanol water mixtures, etc. Yellow flake isloaded into a batch or a semi continuous extractor at a solvent:flakeratio, temperature, and extraction time number, sufficient to removeoil. In a batch extractor, hexane warmed to 60° C. is added at a 3:1solvent:flake ratio and circulated through a bed of flake for 45minutes. The used solvent miscella is removed and the solvent extractionprocedure described above is repeated. The flakes are given a final oneto one rinse with fresh solvent. The semi continuous extractor usesapproximately the same solvent to flake ratio but fresh solvent iscontinuously regenerated through the use of a solid/liquid in-vesselfilter followed by vaporization of the solvent from the oils and recycleof the condensate back to the extractor. This semi continuous extractoris used to generate any number of solvent turnovers. In eitherapparatus, the resulting hexane-laden white flake is allowed to air dryin a fume hood overnight. If desired, commercial steam treatment duringdesolventization is simulated by adding water to the flake (typically5-10% dry flake basis), and placing the wetted flake in a sealedcontainer and heating for 6 minutes at 100° C. in the microwave. The hotflakes are then placed in a vacuum oven and quickly cooled to about 50°C. to produce high PDI flake. Increasing the amount of water, time, ortemperature during this step produced low PDI flakes. Flakes are milledinto flour to a particle size suitable for efficient protein extractionor this step may be skipped entirely.

c) Production of Wet Curd:

A quantity of soy flour is extracted with water (may be warmed,typically 33° C.) at a water to flour ratio at least sufficient to makea movable slurry (typically 6:1) in a vessel capable of imparting goodwater flake contact and/or further flour grinding capability (typicallya colloid mill). If desired, the extraction pH may be increased with abase (typically Ca(OH)₂ up to a pH of about 9.7) or decreased with anacid to a pH of about 2.0. Defoaming agents at a quantity sufficient toprevent foaming (typically less than 1% on a flake basis) and sulfite(Na₂SO₃, typically less than 1% on a flake basis) may be added at thispoint to aid extraction. The extract is mixed (typically in a colloidmill) for approximately 10-15 minutes. The slurry is fed into acentrifuge (either batch or semi continuous) at rpm's and timesufficient to separate solids (typically above Log 4.0 Gsec. at 33° C.).The liquid is decanted and the solids re-extracted at a water to solidsratio at least sufficient to make a movable slurry (typically 4 to 1).The slurry (typically 33° C.) is mixed (typically in a colloid mill) andseparated in a centrifuge as described above. If desired, the pH of thesecond extract may also be increased or decreased at this point.Following centrifugation, the liquid is decanted and the spent flakediscarded. The first and second liquid extracts are combined and carriedforward. Additional extractions can be done if desired. To precipitatethe protein, the pH is adjusted to a pH sufficient to separate theproteins of interest (typically to 4.5) with an acid (typically 1 M HCl)and fed into a semi-continuous or batch centrifuge at the conditionsdescribed above. The liquid is decanted and discarded and the solidsresuspended with fresh water (typically in a homogenizer). The re-slurrywater may be warmed if desired (typical wash water temperature is about50-60° C.). The wash described above may be repeated if desired.

d) Production of Isolated Soy Protein:

The wet curd is re-suspended to a solids content suitable forpasteurization of the protein slurry. Typically, the solids content willbe approximately 10-20%. The slurry is mixed (typically in a colloidmill or homogenizer) and the pH adjusted with a base (typically NaOH) toapproximately 6.8-7.2. The slurry is pasteurized continuously with steaminjection at a temperature and time sufficient to reduce microbialcounts and trypsin inhibitor activity to safe levels for humaningestion. Typical conditions may be approximately 120-160° C. for 4-60seconds. The pasteurized slurry is cooled (typically flash cooled to50-60° C. by use of 100-150 mm vacuum). The slurry is fed into a spraydrier at conditions necessary to achieve a dry product of less thanabout 5% moisture. Typical conditions include an inlet temperature ofabout 250-300° C. and an outlet temperature of about 90-100° C.

The conditions set forth in this examples comprise the processparameters that are used to produce the Supro® 760, Supro® 670 andSupro® 500E-type protein isolates in the small scale productionplatform.

Example 11 Large Scale Defatted Flake Production

The soy flake material may be formed from soybeans according to thefollowing process. The soybeans are detrashed by passing the soybeansthrough a magnetic separator to remove iron, steel, and othermagnetically susceptible objects, followed by shaking the soybeans onprogressively smaller meshed screens to remove soil residues, pods,stems, weed seeds, undersized beans, and other trash. The detrashedsoybeans are then cracked by passing the soybeans through crackingrolls. Cracking rolls are spiral-cut corrugated cylinders which loosenthe hull as the soybeans pass through the rolls and crack the soybeanmaterial into several pieces. Preferably the cracked soybeans areconditioned to 10% to 11% moisture at 63 to 74° C. to improve thestorage quality retention of the soybean material. The cracked soybeansare then dehulled, preferably by aspiration. Soy hypocotyls, which aremuch smaller than the cotyledons of the soybeans, may be removed byshaking the dehulled soybeans on a screen of sufficiently small meshsize to remove the hypocotyls and retain the cotyledons of the beans.The hypocotyls need not be removed since they comprise only about 2%, byweight, of the soybeans while the cotyledons comprise about 90% of thesoybeans by weight, however, it is preferred to remove the hypocotylssince they are associated with the beany taste of soybeans. The dehulledsoybeans, with or without hypocotyls, are then flaked by passing thesoybeans through flaking rolls. The flaking rolls are smooth cylindricalrolls positioned to form flakes of the soybeans as they pass through therolls having a thickness of from about 0.01 inch to about 0.015 inch.

The flakes are then defatted. The flakes are defatted by extracting theflakes with a suitable solvent to remove the oil from the flakes.Preferably the flakes are extracted with n-hexane or n-heptane in acountercurrent extraction. The defatted flakes should contain less than1.5% fat or oil content, and preferably less than 0.75%. Thesolvent-extracted defatted flakes are then desolventized to remove anyresidual solvent using conventional desolventizing methods, includingdesolventizing with a flash desolventizer-deodorizer stripper, a vapordesolventizer-vacuum deodorizer, or desolventizing by down-draftdesolventization.

Preferably, the defatted flakes are comminuted into a soy flour or a soygrit to improve the protein extraction yield from the flakes. The flakesare comminuted by grinding the flakes to the desired particle size usingconventional milling and grinding equipment such as a hammer mill or anair jet mill. Soy flour has a particle size wherein at least 97%, byweight, of the flour has a particle size of 150 microns or less (iscapable of passing through a No. 100 mesh U.S. Standard Screen). Soygrits, more coarsely ground than soy flour, have a particle size greaterthan soy flour but smaller than soy flakes. Preferably the soy grit hasa particle size of from 150 microns to about 1000 microns (is capable ofpassing though a No. 10-No. 80 U.S. Standard Screen).

Example 12 Large Scale Soy Protein Isolate Preparation

To produce the soy protein curd material, the HO defatted soy flour isextracted with water or an aqueous solution having a pH of from 6.5 to10 to extract the protein in the flour from insoluble materials such asfiber. The soy flour is preferably extracted with an aqueous sodiumhydroxide solution having a pH from about 8 to about 10, although otheraqueous alkaline extractants such as ammonium hydroxide are alsoeffective. Preferably the weight ratio of the extractant to the soyflour material is from about 8:1 to about 16:1.

After extraction, the extract is separated from the insoluble materials.Preferably the separation is effected by filtration or by centrifugationand separation of the extract from the insoluble materials. The pH ofthe separated extract is then adjusted to about the isoelectric point ofsoy protein to precipitate a soy protein curd so that the soy proteincan be separated from soy solubles including flatulence inducingoligosaccharides and other water soluble carbohydrates. The pH of theseparated extract is adjusted with a suitable acid to the isoelectricpoint of soy protein, preferably to a pH of from about pH 4 to about pH5, most preferably from about pH 4.4 to about pH 4.6. Suitable edibleacids for adjusting the pH of the extract to about the isoelectric pointof soy protein include hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuricacid, nitric acid, or acetic acid. The protein material is precipitatedpreferably with hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid. The precipitatedprotein material (curd) is separated from the extract (whey), preferablyby centrifugation or filtration to produce the soy protein curdmaterial. The separated soy protein curd material is preferably washedwith water to remove residual solubles, preferably at a weight ratio ofwater to protein material of about 4:1 to about 10:1. The conditions setforth in examples 11 and 12 describe essentially the process parametersthat are used to produce the Supro® 760, Supro® 1610, Supro® 651, Supro®500E and Supro® 670-type protein isolates in the large scale productionplatform. A detailed description of the production of Supro® 760 isdescribed in Examples 13 and 14.

The production of Supro® 670 includes a hydrolization step that was notapplied in the production of the other isolates and is described InExamples 16-18.

Example 13 Process for Solae Supro® 760 Type Protein from Defatted HOFlours

To produce the Supro® 760 type protein material, the soy protein curdmaterial produced as described in Example 12 is first neutralized to apH of 6.8 to 7.2 with an aqueous alkaline solution or an aqueousalkaline earth solution, preferably a sodium hydroxide solution or apotassium hydroxide solution. The neutralized soy protein curd materialis then heated. Preferably the neutralized soy curd is heated at atemperature of from about 75° C. to about 160° C. for a period of fromabout 2 seconds to about 2 hours, where the curd is heated for a longertime period at lower temperatures and a shorter period at highertemperatures. More preferably the soy protein curd material is treatedat an elevated temperature and under a positive pressure greater thanatmospheric pressure.

The preferred method of heating the soy protein curd material istreating the soy curd at a temperature elevated above ambienttemperatures by injecting pressurized steam into the curd, hereafterreferred to as “jet-cooking.” The following description is a preferredmethod of jet-cooking the soy protein curd material, however, theinvention is not limited to the described method and includes anyobvious modifications which may be made by one skilled in the art.

The soy protein curd material is introduced into a jet-cooker feed tankwhere the soy curd is kept in suspension with a mixer which agitates thesoy curd. The curd is directed from the feed tank to a pump which forcesthe curd through a reactor tube. Steam is injected into the curd underpressure as the curd enters the reactor tube, instantly heating the curdto the desired temperature. The temperature is controlled by adjustingthe pressure of the injected steam, and preferably is from about 75° C.to about 160° C., more preferably from about 100° C. to about 155° C.The curd is treated at the elevated temperature for treatment time beingcontrolled by the flow rate of the slurry through the tube. Preferablythe flow rate is about 18.5 lbs./minute, and the cook time is about 9seconds at about 150° C.

To produce the protein material of the present invention the heatedneutralized curd is then cooled and dried. The curd may be cooled anddried in any conventional manner known in the art. In a preferredembodiment of the present invention, the curd is cooled by flashvaporization. The heated curd is flash vaporized by introducing the hotcurd into a vacuumized chamber having an internal temperature of from20° C. to 85° C., which instantly drops the pressure about the curd to apressure of from about 25 mm to about 100 mm Hg, and more preferably toa pressure of from about 25 mm Hg to about 30 mm Hg. Most preferably thehot curd is discharged from the reactor tube of the jet-cooker into thevacuumized chamber, resulting in an instantaneous large pressure andtemperature drop which vaporizes a substantial portion of water from thecurd, instantly cooling the curd to a temperature. Preferably thevacuumized chamber has an elevated temperature up to about 85° C. toprevent the gelation of the soy protein curd material upon introductionof the curd into the vacuumized chamber. The heat treatment underpressure followed by the rapid pressure drop and vaporization of wateralso causes vaporization of substantial amounts of the volatilecomponents from the soy material, and thereby improving the taste of thesoy material.

The flash vaporized protein material may then be dried, preferably byspray drying. Preferably the spray-dryer is a co-current flow dryerwhere hot inlet air and the structural protein material, atomized bybeing injected into the dryer under pressure through an atomizer, passthrough the dryer in a co-current flow.

In a preferred embodiment, the protein material is injected into thedryer through a nozzle atomizer. Although a nozzle atomizer ispreferred, other spray-dry atomizers, such as a rotary atomizer, may beutilized. The curd is injected into the dryer under enough pressure toatomize the slurry. Preferably the slurry is atomized under a pressureof about 3000 psig to about 5500 psig, and most preferably about 3500 to5000 psig. Hot air is injected into the dryer through a hot air inletlocated so the hot air entering the dryer flows co-currently with theatomized soy curd sprayed from the atomizer. The hot air has atemperature of about 285° C. to about 315° C., and preferably has atemperature of about 290° C. to about 300° C.

The dried soy protein material is collected from the spray dryer.Conventional means and methods may be used to collect the soy material,including cyclones, bag filters, electrostatic precipitators, andgravity collection.

Example 14 Production of the SUPRO® 760-type High Oleic Soy ProteinIsolate

The SUPRO® 760-type High Oleic Soy Protein Isolate was produced fromHigh Oleic Soybeans according to the following process. 100 lbs ofdefatted High Oleic soybean flakes were placed in an extraction tank andextracted with 1,000 lbs of water heated to 32° C. This provided aweight ratio of water to flakes of 10:1. The flakes were separated fromthe extract and re-extracted with 600 lbs of water heated to 32° C. andhaving sufficient calcium hydroxide added to adjust the pH to 9.7. Thissecond extraction step provided a weight ratio of water to flakes of6:1. The flakes were removed by centrifugation, and the first and secondextracts were combined and adjusted to a pH of 4.5 with hydrochloricacid to precipitate a protein curd. The acid precipitated curd wasseparated from the extract by centrifugation, leaving aqueous whey(discarded), and then was washed with water in a weight amount of seventimes that of the starting flake material to provide an isoelectricprotein isolate.

To produce the SUPRO® 760-type High Oleic protein material, water wasadded to the bioelectric soy protein material and the pH was adjusted tobetween 6.9 and 7.3 with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide toproduce a neutralized soy protein slurry and then heated by injectingpressurized steam into the slurry, hereafter referred to as“jet-cooking.” The neutral soy protein slurry was introduced into ajet-cooker feed tank where it was kept in suspension with a mixer thatagitated the slurry. The slurry was directed from the feed tank to apump that forced the slurry through a reactor tube. Steam was injectedinto the slurry under pressure as the slurry entered the reactor tube,instantly heating the slurry to the desired temperature. The temperaturewas controlled by adjusting the pressure of the injected steam. The heattreatment was about 9 seconds at about 150° C. The heated neutral slurrywas then cooled by flash vaporization, which vaporized a substantialportion of water from the hot neutral protein slurry, instantly coolingthe neutral protein material.

The cooled neutral protein slurry was then homogenized and transferredto a spray dryer wherein most of the moisture was evaporated by theaddition of heat to achieve the final SUPRO® 760-type soy proteinisolate.

Example 15 Process of Production of Solae Supro® 760 Type Protein fromDefatted HO Flours

To produce the Supro® 760-type protein product of the present invention,60 lbs of HO soy flour were extracted with 600 lbs of 32° C. water at a10:1 water to flour ratio in a mixer which agitates the soy flour forgood water-flake contact. Defoaming agent was added at a quantitysufficient to prevent foaming and 54.48 g sulfite (Na₂SO₃) was added atthis point. Slurry pH was 6.6. The slurry was mixed 10 minutes. Theslurry was fed into a batch centrifuge at 12.2 lb/min at 8.1% solids toseparate solids from liquid. The liquid was decanted and the solids werereturned to the mixing vessel, and re-extracted at a 5:1 water to flakeratio at 32° C. The pH of the slurry was increased with NaOH to 9.7 andthe slurry was mixed for 10 min and separated in a batch centrifuge at12.2 lb/min with 3.9% feed solids. Following centrifugation the liquidwas decanted and the spent flake discarded. The first and second liquidextracts were combined and carried forward. To precipitate the protein,the pH was adjusted to 4.5 with HCl and held for 10 minutes. Thematerial was fed into a batch centrifuge at 25 lb/min, 6.0% solids and55° C. to separate liquid whey from curd. The liquid was decanted anddiscarded and the solids reslurried with fresh water in a 7:1 water toflake ratio and passed through a Dispax grinder to ensure effectivewashing. The ground slurry was fed into a batch centrifuge at 25 lb/minat 59° C. to separate the liquid wash from the curd. The wet curd wasresuspended with water to 11.3% solids suitable for pasteurization ofthe protein slurry. The pH of the slurry was increased with NaOH to a pHof 7.1 and the slurry was homogenized at 550 psig. The slurry wasintroduced into a jet-cooker feed tank where the soy curd was kept insuspension with a mixer which agitated the soy curd. The curd slurry wasdirected from the feed tank to a pump which forced the curd through areactor tube 0.94 inches in diameter and 33 inches long. Steam wasinjected into the curd under pressure as the curd entered the reactortube, instantly heating the curd to the desired temperature. Thetemperature was controlled by adjusting the pressure of the injectedsteam and was 149° C. The curd was treated at the elevated temperaturefor 9 seconds. The heated curd was then cooled and dried. The curd wascooled by flash vaporization. The heated curd was flash vaporized byintroducing the hot curd into a vacuumized chamber having an internaltemperature of 63° C. which instantly dropped the pressure to 26 mm Hg.The instantaneous large pressure and temperature drop vaporized asubstantial portion of water from the curd, instantly cooling the curdto 68° C.

The flash vaporized protein material was spray dried using a co-currentflow dryer where hot inlet air and protein material was atomized bybeing injected into the dryer under pressure through an atomizer andpassed through the dryer in a co-current flow.

The curd slurry was fed into a homogenizer and homogenized at 1500 psigat 57° C. The homogenized slurry was injected into the dryer through anozzle atomizer at an atomization pressure of 4000 psig. Hot air wasinjected into the dryer through a hot air inlet located so the hot airentering the dryer flowed co-currently with the atomized soy curdsprayed from the atomizer. The hot air had a temperature of 265° C. Thedryer outlet temperature was 89° C.

The dried High Oleic Supro®760-type isolated soy protein was collectedby gravity collection from the outlet of the spray dryer.

Example 16 Process for Production of Solae Supro® 670 Type Protein fromDefatted HO Flours Including an Enzymatic Hydrolization step

The Supro® 670 type protein material is formed from the soy protein curdmaterial in much the same manner as the Supro®670 protein materialdescribed in Example 15, however, an enzymatic protein hydrolysis stepis included to hydrolyze the protein. The soy protein curd material isfirst diluted to about 12-15% solids and neutralized to a pH of from 7.5to 8.1 with an aqueous alkaline solution or an aqueous alkaline earthsolution, preferably a sodium hydroxide solution or a potassiumhydroxide solution. The neutralized soy protein curd is heated andcooled, preferably by jet cooking and flash cooling, in the same manneras described above with respect to preparation of the Supro® 760 proteinmaterial. Preferably the curd is cooled to 55° C. to 60° C. afterheating.

After the flash cooling, an enzyme (Bromelain) having an activity ofabout 2400 TU/g is added to the solution at about a 0.02% based on curdsolids. The enzyme treated solution is allowed to react for about 15minutes to 65 minutes preferrably 20-45 minutes under continuous mixing.The hydrolysis is terminated by heating the hydrolyzed soy protein curdmaterial to a temperature effective to inactivate the enzyme. Mostpreferably the hydrolyzed soy protein curd material is jet cooked toinactivate the enzyme, and flash cooled then dried as described abovewith respect to producing the dried Supro®760 protein material. Thedried hydrolyzed material is the dried Supro® 670 protein material.

Example 17 Production of the SUPRO® 670-Type High Oleic Soy ProteinIsolate

The SUPRO® 670-type high oleic soy protein isolate was preparedessentially as described in Example 16, but with the followingexperimental details. HO soy flour (60 lbs) was extracted with 600 lbsof 41° C. water at a 10:1 water to flour ratio in a mixer which agitatesthe soy flour for good water-flake contact. Defoaming agent was added ata quantity sufficient to prevent foaming and 54.48 g sulfite (Na₂SO₃)was added at this point. Slurry pH was 6.5. The slurry was mixed 10minutes. The slurry was fed into a batch centrifuge at 10.0 lb/min at8.2% solids to separate solids from liquid. The liquid was decanted andthe solids returned to the mixing vessel, and re-extracted at a 5:1water to flake ratio at 33° C. The pH of the slurry was increased withNaOH to 9.7 and the slurry was mixed for 10 min and separated in a batchcentrifuge at 12.0 lb/min with 3.8% feed solids. Followingcentrifugation the liquid was decanted and the spent flake discarded.The first and second liquid extracts were combined and carried forward.To precipitate the protein, the pH was adjusted to 4.5 with HCl, heldfor 10 minutes. The material was fed into a batch centrifuge at 24lb/min, 6.0.0% solids and 57° C. to separate liquid whey from curd. Theliquid was decanted and discarded and the solids reslurried with freshwater in a 7:1 water to flake ratio and passed through a Dispax grinderto ensure effective washing. The ground slurry was fed into a batchcentrifuge at 14 lb/min at 56° C. to separate the liquid wash from thecurd. The wet curd was resuspended with water to 11.3% solids suitablefor pasteurization of the protein slurry. The pH of the slurry wasincreased with NaOH to a pH of 7.7 and the slurry was homogenized at 550psig. The slurry was introduced into a jet-cooker feed tank where thesoy curd was kept in suspension with a mixer which agitated the soycurd. The curd slurry was directed from the feed tank to a pump whichforced the curd through a reactor tube 0.94 inches in diameter and 33inches long. Steam was injected into the curd under pressure as the curdentered the reactor tube, instantly heating the curd to the desiredtemperature. The temperature was controlled by adjusting the pressure ofthe injected steam and was 129° C. The curd was treated at the elevatedtemperature for 9 seconds. The heated curd was then cooled and dried.The curd was cooled by flash vaporization. The heated curd was flashvaporized by introducing the hot curd into a vacuumized chamber havingan internal temperature of 63° C. which instantly dropped the pressureto 23 mm Hg. The instantaneous large pressure and temperature dropvaporized a substantial portion of water from the curd, instantlycooling the curd to 70° C.

After the flash cooling, an enzyme (Bromelain) having an activity ofabout 2400 TU/g was added to the solution at a 0.03% based on curdsolids. The enzyme treated solution was allowed to react for 35 minutesunder continuous mixing. The hydrolysis was terminated by heating thehydrolyzed soy protein curd material to a temperature effective toinactivate the enzyme. The hydrolyzed soy protein curd material was jetcooked at 142° C. for 9 seconds to inactivate the enzyme, and flashcooled. The heated curd was flash vaporized by introducing the hot curdinto a vacuumized chamber having an internal temperature of 61° C. whichinstantly dropped the pressure to 25 mm Hg. The instantaneous largepressure and temperature drop vaporized a substantial portion of waterfrom the curd, instantly cooling the curd to 61° C.

The flash vaporized protein material was homogenized and spray driedusing a co-current flow dryer where hot inlet air and protein materialwere atomized by being injected into the dryer under pressure through anatomizer and passed through the dryer in a co-current flow.

The curd slurry was fed into a homogenizer and homogenized at 2000 psigat 54° C. The homogenized slurry was injected into the dryer through anozzle atomizer at an atomization pressure of 4000 psig. Hot air wasinjected into the dryer through a hot air inlet located so the hot airentering the dryer flowed co-currently with the atomized soy curdsprayed from the atomizer. The hot air had a temperature of 307° C. Thedryer outlet temperature was 93° C.

The dried hydrolyzed High Oleic Supro®670-type isolated soy protein wascollected by gravity collection from the outlet of the spray dryer.

Example 18 Production of the SUPRO® 670-Type High Oleic Soy ProteinIsolate

The SUPRO® 670-type High Oleic Soy Protein Isolate was produced fromHigh Oleic Soybeans according to the following process. 100 lbs ofdefatted High Oleic soybean flakes were placed in an extraction tank andextracted with 1,000 lbs of water heated to 32° C. This provided aweight ratio of water to flakes of 10:1. The flakes were separated fromthe extract and re-extracted with 600 lbs of water heated to 32° C. andhaving sufficient calcium hydroxide added to adjust the pH to 9.7. Thissecond extraction step provided a weight ratio of water to flakes of6:1. The flakes were removed by centrifugation, and the first and secondextracts were combined and adjusted to a pH of 4.5 with hydrochloricacid to precipitate a protein curd. The acid precipitated curd wasseparated from the extract by centrifugation, leaving aqueous whey(discarded), and then was washed with water in a weight amount of seventimes that of the starting flake material to provide an isoelectricprotein isolate.

To produce the SUPRO® 670-type High Oleic protein material, water wasadded to the isoelectric soy protein material and the pH was adjusted tobetween 7.3 and 7.7 with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide toproduce a neutralized soy protein slurry and then heated by injectingpressurized steam into the slurry, hereafter referred to as“jet-cooking.” The neutral soy protein slurry was introduced into ajet-cooker feed tank where it was kept in suspension with a mixer thatagitated the slurry. The slurry was directed from the feed tank to apump that forced the slurry through a reactor tube. Steam was injectedinto the slurry under pressure as the slurry entered the reactor tube,instantly heating the slurry to the desired temperature. The temperaturewas controlled by adjusting the pressure of the injected steam. The heattreatment was about 9 seconds at about 130° C. The heated neutral slurrywas then cooled by flash vaporization, which vaporized a substantialportion of water from the hot neutral protein slurry, instantly coolingthe neutral protein material to about 61° C. Bromelain enzyme was addedto the cooled protein slurry and allowed to react for a time sufficientto enzyme hydrolyze the protein to a TNBS value of about 50. The enzymetreated slurry was then heat treated by jet-cooking to inactivate thebromelain enzyme. The enzyme treated slurry was cooked in the jet-cookerfor about 9 seconds at about 152° C. The heated neutral slurry was thencooled by flash vaporization, which vaporized a substantial portion ofwater from the hot neutral protein slurry, instantly cooling the neutralprotein material to about 82° C.

The cooled neutral protein slurry was then homogenized and transferredto a spray dryer wherein most of the moisture was evaporated by theaddition of heat to achieve the final SUPRO® 670-type soy proteinisolate.

Example 19 Gel Strength Measurements of High Oleic Protein Soy ProteinIsolates (Small Scale Production Platform)

The effect of high oleic protein isolates (essentially prepared asdescribed in Example 10) on gel strength of refrigerated and pasteurizedgels compared to isolates from commodity or low linolenic (low lin) acidsoybeans were analyzed. The fatty acid composition of the low linolenicacid soybeans used herein has been dislosed in Table 2 of U.S. Pat. No.5,981,781, issued Nov. 9, 1999). Oleic acid levels in the low lin linesare similar to the levels found in commodity soybeans, whereas linolenicacid levels are about 3 fold lower.

Low lin samples were used for comparison to high oleic samples inaddition to isolates from commodity soybeans. Gels were prepared bymixing 75 mL ddH₂O and 15 g of protein isolate in a Waring blender on amix setting of #2 for 30 seconds (initial hydration). The mixer wasstopped and any residual dry protein was scraped from the bowl surface.

In some cases, gels were prepared by adding 0.84 g NaCl at this pointand mixing was resumed for a total of 3 minutes with additional scrapingevery 30 seconds. Following preparation, gels were packed into 5 mLglass vials using a disposable cartridge mini gun dispenser. Care wastaken to eliminate any residual air bubbles. Vials were sealed withtightly crimped septum and cap. Sealed vials were either placedimmediately in the refrigerator and stored for 16-24 hours (refrigeratedgel) or incubated in an 80° C. bath for 30 minutes, cooled for 30minutes in a 25° C. water bath prior to refrigeration for 16-24 hrs(pasteurized gel). Gel strength was measured either on a textureAnalyzer (TAXT.2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) or an an AR-1000 Rheometer(TA Instruments). When gel strength was measured on the textureAnalyzer, gels were removed from the refrigerator and warmed in a 25° C.Decapped sample vials were centered on the loading platform and a 3 mmdiameter stainless cylinder punch probe was used for measurement. Gelswere penetrated twice in the center of the vial to a depth of 10 mm andthe data recorded using the instrument manufacturer's software. The areaunder the positive portion of the curve was integrated and recorded(labeled area). Gel preparation and measurements were replicated on asecond day and the data averaged and recorded.

The results are shown in Table 4. The average gel strength and standarddeviation of the high oleic soybean isolates compared to non-high oleicsoybean isolates was 168±45 g*s and 346±59 g*s, respectively. Thereduction in gel strength of high oleic compared to non-high oleicsoybean isolates ranged from 25%-70% (calculated from the averages).

TABLE 4 Gel strength of High Oleic isolates compared to control soybeanisolates Gel texture 1:5 2% Commercial NaCl Past. Area, Inventory IDTrait¹ protein type² g * s PPI002385 High Oleic v.1 Supro ® 500E 127PPI002391 Commodity Supro ® 500E 460 PPI002419 High Oleic v.1 Supro ®500E 140 PPI002581 High Oleic v.2 Supro ® 760 173 PPI002582 CommoditySupro ® 760 338 PPI002583 High Oleic v.1 Supro ® 760 106 PPI002584 LowLin Supro ® 760 318 PPI002588 Low Lin Supro ® 760 315 PPI002589 HighOleic v.2 Supro ® 760 248 PPI002590 Commodity Supro ® 760 350 PPI002599High Oleic v.2 Supro ® 760 194 PPI002600 High Oleic v.2/High Supro ® 760146 Stearic PPI002601 High Oleic v.2 Supro ® 760 162 PPI002602 HighOleic v.2 Supro ® 760 195 PPI006508 Commodity Supro ® 760 294 ¹HighOleic, High Oleic v.1 (version 1) and High Oleic v.2 (version 2) soybeanprotein isolates were prepared as described in Examples 3, 5, and 8.Commodity and Low Lin (see Table 8) soybean isolates were used ascontrols and are referred to as “commodity” lines for the purpose ofthis invention. Resulting numbers for gel strength were rounded up ordown after the decimal point. ²the commercial name refers to thespecific process parameters by which the isolates were made.

Example 20 Hunter Color Determination High Oleic Soybean (Protein)Products (Small Scale Production Platform)

Color measurements were made on 5% protein isolate slurries (essentiallyprepared as described in Example 10) on a Hunter Colorflex 45/0 LAVinstrument with an instrument setting of D65/10. A custom ring providedby the manufacturer for small volume measurements was used to reduce theamount of sample necessary for analysis by placement within the samplecup. Either 14 mL (for 10 mm ring) or 8 mL (for 5 mm ring) of the 5%isolate slurry was dispensed by pipette into the center of the ringreaching a fluid level just above the top of the ring . The sample cupwas placed on the instrument and topped with the white or black diskwhen prompted by the software provided by the instrument manufacturer.Data for L value and Difference from White were calculated by thesoftware and recorded. The L, a, and b scale values obtained for thesamples are reported as the sample color. Whiteness Index is calculatedfrom the L and b scale values using the following:

Whiteness Index=L−3b

The Color L Value, Color difference from white and the Whiteness indexof High Oleic, Low Lin and Commodity soybean samples are listed in Table5. The values were measured in 5% protein slurries. High oleic sampleshave higher L values, a lower difference from white value and increasedwhiteness indices. The average whiteness index and standard deviation ofthe high oleic soybean samples was 45±4.4 and that of non-high oleicsoybean samples 37±4.9. An increase ranging from 3%-35% (calculated fromthe averages) in the whiteness index in high oleic samples compared tonon-high oleic samples was observed.

TABLE 5 Color Whiteness Differ- index ence (defined Commercial L from bySolae Inventory ID Trait¹ protein type² value White as L-3b) PPI002385High Oleic Supro ® 500E 74 27 51 PPI002391 Commodity Supro ® 500E 56 4528 PPI002419 High Oleic Supro ® 500E 72 29 47 PPI002581 High OleicSupro ® 760 71 30 44 v.2 PPI002582 Commodity Supro ® 760 64 38 33PPI002583 High Oleic Supro ® 760 68 34 36 v.1 PPI002584 Low Lin Supro ®760 65 36 38 PPI002588 Low Lin Supro ® 760 65 36 41 PPI002589 High OleicSupro ® 760 67 34 42 v.2 PPI002590 Commodity Supro ® S760 65 35 43PPI002599 High Oleic Supro ® S760 70 31 45 v.2 PI002600 High OleicSupro ® 760 73 29 44 v.2/High Stearic PPI002601 High Oleic Supro ® 76073 28 50 v.2 PPI002602 High Oleic Supro ® 760 71 30 45 v.2 PPI006492Commodity Supro ® 760 62 39 36 PPI006493 Low Lin Supro ® 760 62 39 36PPI006495 High Oleic Supro ® 760 70 31 46 v.2 PPI006508 CommoditySupro ® 760 67 34 41

Example 21 Pasteurizer Feed Viscosity Measurements (Small ScaleProduction Platform)

A small sample of pasteurizer feed was collected during the preparationof protein isolates (essentially prepared as described in Example 10)following adjustment of the solids concentration and pH. To prepare asample for viscosity measurements, the sample was loaded onto theplatform of an AR-1000 Rheometer (TA Instruments) with a disposablepipette and the head lowered to 1500 mm. Excess sample was cleaned fromaround the edge of the geometry and the cover placed over the geometryin preparation for measurement. The viscosity was measured 60 minutespost pasteurizer feed preparation using a 40 mm flat plate geometry at agap setting of 1000 μm. Viscosity (measured in centipoises) was recordedand analyzed using the Rheology Advantage Data Analysis softwaresupplied by the instrument manufacturer.

High Oleic samples have lower Pasteurizer feed Viscosity compared to LowLin or commodity samples (Table 6).

The average viscosity and standard deviation of the high oleic soybeansamples compared to non-high oleic soybean isolates were 110±57.8 cp and449±125 cp, respectively, with a % reduction (calculated from theaverages) in viscosity ranging from around 9% to 52% for high oleicsamples compared to non-high oleic samples.

TABLE 6 Viscosity Measurements of High Oleic Soybean IsolatesPasteurizer Feed Viscosity- AR1000- Commercial Viscosity at Inventory IDTrait¹ protein type² 30/s PPI002385 High Oleic Supro ® 500E 135PPI002391 Commodity Supro ® 500E 566 PPI002419 High Oleic Supro ® 500E24 PPI002588 Low Lin Supro ® 760 465 PPI002589 High Oleic Supro ® 760155 v.2 PPI002590 Commodity Supro ® 760 317 PPI002601 High Oleic Supro ®760 79 v.2 PPI002602 High Oleic Supro ® 760 158 v.2

Example 22 Improvement of Drying Efficiency by Using High Oleic Soybeans

High Oleic protein products were fed to a pasteurizer or a dryer athigher feed solids (above 14%) compared to commodity soy proteinproducts (Table 7 & Table 8 in Example 23). This can be explained by thereduced viscosity of high oleic soy protein products. When proteinproducts are fed to a pasteurizer or a dryer at increased feed solids,less water has to be removed in every pound fed to the dryer resultingin decreased energy costs, and more solids can be dried per hourresulting in better capital utilization as well as higher productionquantities.

TABLE 7 Measured solid content of slurry to the Spray dryer for HighOleic vs Commodity beans Solid Slurry content of Defatted concentrationDryer feed by flake Commercial type measured by CEM CEM CommoditySupro ® 760-type 13.43 11.99 Commodity Supro ® 760-type 13.28 11.84Commodity Supro ® 670-type 12.22 9.69 Commodity Supro ® 670-type 12.0110.38 High Oleic Supro ® 760-type 13.49 11.77 High Oleic Supro ®760-type 14.01 12.28 High Oleic Supro ® 760-type 16.56 14.62 High OleicSupro ® 760-type 17.12 14.89 High Oleic Supro ® 760-type 19.40 15.54High Oleic Supro ® 760-type 18.89 16.09 High Oleic Supro ® 670-type13.41 10.27 High Oleic Supro ® 670-type 13.55 11.38 High Oleic Supro ®670-type 17.02 14.18 High Oleic Supro ® 670-type 17.02 15.31 High OleicSupro ® 670-type 18.34 15.19 High Oleic Supro ® 670-type 17.51 16.18

Example 23 Gel Strength Measurement of High Oleic Soy Protein Products

High Oleic soy protein products have a gel strength comparable to thegel strength of commodity soy protein products when fed at no less than14% feed solids to a dryer.

Gel strength was measured on the AR-1000 Rheometer, a sample of the gelwas placed on the rheometer platform using a metal spatula and the headlowered to 1500 μm. Excess gel was trimmed from the edge of the geometryand the cover placed on top. A 40 mm cross-hatched geometry a ta gap of1400 μm was used for measurement in an oscillatory mode controlled bythe instrument software. The G′ (labeled gel elasticity, expressed inunits of Pascals [Pa]), from 2 replicates per sample was recorded (Table8).

TABLE 8 Measured Slurry Solid Concentration and % Protein in the FinalProduct of High Oleic Soybeans compared to Commodity Soybeans Prod. %Slurry concentration Protein by Average of Average of DefattedCommercial measured Comb. Refrigerated Pasteurized Sample flake proteinby oven Leco (as Gel Gel No. source type (%) is) N * 6.25 ElasticityElasticity a2122 Commodity Supro ® 13.1 91.67 1129 3204 500E type b2123Commodity Supro ® 13.2 91.88 698 3340 500E type c2121 Commodity Supro ®13.6 91.07 972 2897 500E type d2131 Commodity Supro ® 13.7 92.21 7003075 500E type e2124 HO Supro ® 12.6 91.98 26 591 500E type f2137 HOSupro ® 15.8 92.78 68 697 500E type g2136 HO Supro ® 16.1 92.71 64 649500E type h2128 HO Supro ® 19 92 172 1698 500E type i2135 HO Supro ®20.5 92.32 288 2243 500E type i2134 HO Supro ® 20.9 93.24 269 1982 500Etype k2133 HO Supro ® 24.7 91.87 664 2077 500E type l2138 HO Supro ®24.8 91.08 637 1836 500E type

Example 24 Residual Fatty Acid Analysis by Acid Methanolysis

Triplicate samples (approximately 100 mg) were weighed, to a precisionof 0.1 mg, into 13×100 mm screw capped (PTFE liners) tubes. Afteraddition of C17:0 triacylglycerol internal standard (10 μl, 5% W:V stockin toluene), 1 ml of fresh methanolysis solution (5% sulfuric acid inanhydrous methanol) was added to each tube. The tubes were capped,vortex mixed and heated at 80° C. for 30 min, with vortex mixing every10 minutes. The samples were cooled to room temperature and 1 ml ofsaline solution (25% sodium chloride in water), followed by 1 mlheptane, was added to each tube. After vortex mixing, the phases wereseparated by centrifugation (3000×g for 10 min) and the upper, organicphases, were transferred to GC sample vials. Fatty acid analysis wasperformed on an Agilent 6890 with FID detector. The GC was fitted withan OmegaWax-320, 30m×0.32 mm×0.25 um column (Supelco, Bellefonte, Pa.).The carrier gas was hydrogen (28 cm/sec linear velocity) and thefollowing temperature profile was used; 220° C. for 2.6 min, ramp at 10°C. to 240° C., hold for 1.4 min. Peak areas of the individual fattyacids were integrated, individual fatty acids were quantified relativeto the C17 internal standard and fatty acid compositions were estimatedbased on these values. The assumption was made that the detectorresponse for each fatty acid was the same (Morrison et al. (1980)Methods for the quantitative analysis of lipids in cereal grains andsimilar tissues. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 31: 329-340).

Using the above-described technique, the fatty acid profile of residualfatty acids associated with hexane-extracted soy white flake flours andsoy protein isolates manufactured from them was determined for commoditysoybeans and two genetically altered soybean varieties, high oleic acidsoybeans and low linolenic acid soybeans. The results are shown inTables 9. Although it is recognized that other fatty acids are presentin soybean oil and the residual lipid in soy products, they are onlypresent at trace levels (<3% of total). For the sake of comparison inthis patent we have restricted our analysis to the most abundant fattyacids i.e., palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic(18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids.

The residual fatty acids associated with the hexane-defatted white flakeflour and soy protein isolate is principally in the form ofphospholipid, and therefore derived from membrane lipids, while thehexane-extracted soy oil is principally composed of storagetriglycerides. Prior to this work it was not known how closely theresidual fatty acid profile would be related to the fatty acid profileof hexane-extracted soy oil. From the data shown in Table 9 it can beseen that the level of palmitic acid increases in the residual fattyacids present in soy white flake flour and soy protein isolate comparedto hexane-extracted soy oil in the three genetically different soybeanvarieties tested. In contrast, the level of oleic acid decreases in theresidual fatty acids compared to hexane-extracted soy oil significantlyin the commodity and low linolenic acid soybeans, but only marginally inthe high oleic soybeans. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic andlinolenic, are at similar levels in the residual fatty acids andhexane-extracted soy oil from the three genetically different soybeanvarieties.

The residual fatty acid content in soy white flake flour and soy proteinisolate from low linolenic acid soybeans is lower in oxidativelyunstable linolenic acid than that of commodity soy protein products,indicating that soy protein products produced from low linolenic acidsoybeans are less likely to generate off-flavor compounds. Similarly,the residual fatty acid content in soy white flake flour and soy proteinisolate from high oleic acid soybeans is lower in both of thepolyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic, than that ofcommodity soy protein products, indicating that soy protein productsproduced from high oleic acid soybeans are less likely to generateoff-flavor compounds.

TABLE 9 Fatty acid profiles of soy oils, of residual fatty acids inflours produced from hexane-defatted soy white flake, and of soy proteinisolates 16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3 % Total poly- Sample ID % % % % %unsaturates Commodity Soy  8-13 2-6 18-27 51-59  6-10 57-69 Oil¹ HighOleic Soy Oil 6-7 4-5 79-86 2-4 2-5 4-9 Low Linolenic Soy 10 5 29 53 362 Oil⁴ High Oleic/High 12 22  60  3 3  6 Saturate Soy Oil⁵ HighOleic/High  6 19  62  6 6 12 Stearic Soy Oil Commodity Soy 17-27 5-7 1149-58 7-9 56-67 WFF² Residual Fatty Acids High Oleic Soy  9-10 3-4 78-822-4 3-5 5-9 WFF² Residual Fatty Acids Low Linolenic Soy 24 7 10 57 3 60WFF² Residual Fatty Acids Commodity Soy 18-24 5-7 14-15 45-55 5-7 50-62SPI³ Residual Fatty Acids High Oleic Soy  8-10 3 80-83 2-3 3-4 5-7 SPI³Residual Fatty Acids Low Linolenic Soy 26 6 15 52 2 54 SPI³ ResidualFatty Acids For this table fatty acid % relates the individual fattyacid to the sum of the five major fatty acids indicated. Other fattyacid types that are sometimes present and represent less than 3% of thetotal fatty acids are not considered for purposes of comparison. ¹Valueranges for the five major fatty acids in commodity soy oil are takenfrom “The Lipid Handbook” 2^(nd) ed., (1994) Gunstone, F. D., Harwood,J. L., Padley, F. B., Chapman & Hall. ²WFF = White flake flour fromhexane-extracted soybeans ³SPI = Soy protein isolate produced from whiteflake flour ⁴Table X U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,369 ⁵Table 9 U.S. Pat. No.6,426,448 16:0 = palmitic acid, 18:0 = stearic acid, 18:1 = oleic acid,18:2 = linoleic acid, 18:3 = linolenic acid

Example 25 Fatty Acid Analysis of High Oleic and Commodity SoybeanIsolates

Isolates from Supro®760 type high oleic, Supo®760 type ver. 2 andcommodity soybeans were prepared as described in Example 13.

Fatty acid analysis of the isolates was performed as described below andthe results are shown in Table 10.

The relative amounts of the fatty acids of isolated soy protein wasdetermined as follows. The isolated soy protein was extracted by theacid hydrolysis fat method (AOAC 922.06). Extracted lipid was saponifiedwith alcoholic sodium hydroxide. The fatty acids was esterified inmethanol, with boron trifluoride as a catalyst, taken up in heptane, andinjected on an Agilent 5890 Gas Chromatograph equipped with a flameionization detector and cool on-column injector. Fatty acid methylesters were separated on a Supelco SP-2560 column (100 m×0.25 mm ID).The column oven temperature was set to 140° C. for 5 minutes, thenheated at 4° C. per minute to a maximum temperature of 240° C. and heldat that temperature to the end of the analysis. The percent ofindividual fatty acid methyl esters were calculated from a set ofstandards containing known concentrations of prepared methyl esters ofselected fatty acids.

TABLE 10 Fatty acid analysis of HO Supro ® 760 type and CommoditySupro ® 760 type Isolates Fatty HO Commodity Supro ® 760 Acid (FA)Analysis Supro ® 760 type type Fat Total (%) 4.03 2.07 Saturated FA 0.590.82 Monounsaturated FA 2.89 0.44 Trans FA <0.04 <0.04 Fatty AcidProfile (%) Palmitic 9.99 31.1 Stearic 3.44 7.61 Oleic 73.1 19.5Vaccenic 1.56 2.19 Linoleic 3.17 32.0 Linolenic 3.59 2.69 Others 5.154.91

Example 26 Viscosity Measurements of Soy Protein Slurries Prepared fromIsolates Produced Using Large Scale Production Platform

Viscosity measurements were made using a Brookfield Viscometer, ModelDV-II+.

Samples were prepared by weighing out a designated amount of protein(±0.1 g) into a plastic cup for 5 and 10% protein slurry.

Into a 250 mL graduated cylinder, a designated amount of deionized waterof 260°±1° C. was measured. The water was poured into a glass pintblender jar and the protein sample was carefully added. The jar wasimmediately caped with the blade assembly and the sample mix wasvigorously shaken for 20 seconds to disperse the protein and keep itfrom adhering to the sides of the jar. Subsequently the sample wasblended for 1 minute using the lowest speed of the blender. Then theprotein slurry was added to a 600 mL beaker and three drops of antifoamwere added to the slurry and the mixture was swirled. The beaker wascovered and left standing for 30 minutes, then swirled to dissipate andremove any remaining foam.

The Brookfield Viscometer was set up (according to the manufacturer'sinstructions), and viscosity of the sample was measured. Viscosity wasmeasured in centipoises (cps). The Brookfield spindle number was 1,rotational speed was at 100 rpm and temperature at which the data wasrecorded was 22° C.

As can be seen in Table 11, viscosity measured in cps for 5% and 10%dispersion of soy protein from High Oleic protein samples wassubstantially reduced compared to the respective sample from commoditysoybean (a 83% reduction in 5% slurries and 87% reduction in 10%slurries).

TABLE 11 Brookfield Viscosity measurements of High Oleic and commoditysoybean Supro ® 760 - 5% and 10% protein slurries Sample % proteinslurry Viscosity (cps) HO Supro ® 760 5 8 Commodity Supro ® 760 5 47 HOSupro ® 760 10 82 Commodity Supro ® 760 10 630

Example 27 Viscosity Measurements of Soy Protein Slurries Prepared fromIsolates Produced Using Large Scale Production Platform

For rheological evaluation, protein isolates were hydrated by placing 90g DI water into an 8-ounce plastic blender jar, followed by addition of10 g isolate powder to the surface of the water. The mixture was blendedwith an Oster blender using the “blend” setting for 90 seconds. Afterthis time, the mixture was decanted into a 16-ounce plastic cup. The cupwas capped with a plastic lid, and the slurry was allowed to stand forabout 4 hours at 22° C. to permit a major portion of the foam atop thefluid to dissipate prior to the rheological measurements.

Rheological measurements were performed in duplicate on a combination ofAnton Paar MCR-300 and MCR-301 rheometers. Each rheometer was equippedwith a concentric cylinder geometry (Anton Paar CC27) having an activelength of 119.2 mm, a position length of 72.5 mm, and a gap length of 40mm. Temperature control was achieved by circulating 22° C. water fromcontrolled-temperature baths to a Peltier sample heater that controlledthe temperature of the measuring cell. All measurements were carried outat 25±0.05° C. Viscosity curves for each sample were obtained via thefollowing 4-step procedure: (1) A 19 mL sample was loaded into theconcentric cylinder cup and pre-sheared for 30 s at a shear rate of 101/s to erase sample loading history. (2) Immediately after the pre-shearstep, the sample was allowed to equilibrate at 25° C. for 10 minutes.(3) The sample was then subjected to a 1-100 1/s shear rate ramp duringwhich 20 logarithmically-spaced data points were recorded at an intervalof 30 s per point. (4) The sample was then immediately exposed to adownward shear rate ramp which had the same characteristics as theupward ramp, but was applied in the opposite direction (100-1 1/s). Theresulting viscosity versus shear rate curves were fit to a 2^(nd) logpolynomial model: viscosity=A (shear rate)̂[b+c In (shear rate)], whereA, b, and c are fitting constants. Shear stress versus shear rate curveswere also recorded during these measurements and were fitted to aHerschel-Bulkley power law model: (shear stress)=K (shear rate)̂n, whereK and n are the Herschel-Bulkley consistency and flow indices,respectively. The shear stress hysteresis area (HA) bounded by theupward and downward shear rate ramps was also recorded during eachmeasurement.

The rheological characteristics of high oleic and commodity SUPRO® ISPproducts resulting from these measurements are compared in Table 10-A.Mean values of A, K, n (from the upward shear rate ramp only) andhysteresis area are reported in the table. Mean coefficients ofvariation for each parameter were 2.3, 1.5, 0.4, and 7.4, respectively.Significant rheological differences were observed between the commodityand high oleic variants of SUPRO® 760, SUPRO® 1610, and SUPRO® 651 ISPproducts. Reductions in the values of A, K, and hysteresis area rangedfrom 67-90%, 41-86%, and 45-90%, respectively for the high oleic samplesversus their commodity analogs. The SUPRO® 760 and SUPRO® 651 high oleicISP samples also exhibited larger flow indices-indicative of moreNewtonian behavior—versus their commodity variants. In contrast,virtually no rheological differences were observed between the higholeic and commodity variants of the SUPRO® 670 ISP product.

TABLE 12 Rheological comparison of High Oleic and commodity SUPRO ® typeISP products - 10 wt % aqueous dispersions at 25° C. Product A [mPa s] K[mPa] n HA [Pa/s] SUPRO ® 760 Type Commodity 6978.7 5032.3 0.473 175.00High Oleic 2293.3 2278.4 0.548 96.28 SUPRO ® 1610 Type Commodity 7680.92811.7 0.564 186.20 High Oleic 1712.3 1667.4 0.492 85.48 SUPRO ® 651Type Commodity 872.8 637.9 0.658 51.50 High Oleic 91.1 89.8 0.817 5.35SUPRO ® 670 Type Commodity 10.8 11.3 0.946 0.05 High Oleic 12.0 12.40.945 0.00

Example 28 Hunter Color Determination High Oleic Soybean (Protein)Products (Large Scale Production Platform)

Color measurements using the Hunter colorimeter were made on high oleicprotein and commodity protein powders and 5% aqueous slurries. Two unitsof L value differences can be detected and one unit of Whiteness indexdifferences can be detected. The whiteness index was increased by 11% inHO Powder compared to commodity powder and 34% in HO slurries comparedto commodity slurries. The data are shown in Tables 13 and 14.

Whiteness index measurements of a 5% by weight solids sample of thesuspension for HO and commodity isolates made were determined using aHunterLab Labscan XE calorimeter manufactured by Hunter AssociatesLaboratory (HunterLab, Reston, Va.). For the whiteness indexmeasurement, protein samples were dispersed on a 5% w/w basis: (5.25 g)is added to deionized water (100 mL). The results obtained using theHunter Colorimeter are reported in units of L, a, and b. Whiteness Indexis calculated from the L and b scale values using the following:

Whiteness Index=L−3b.

TABLE 13 Hunter Color Determination of High Oleic and Commodity SoybeanSamples Whiteness Sample Trait L value index Supro ® 760 High Oleic 87.958.0 powder Supro ® 760 Commodity 86.3 51.8 powder Supro ® 760 HighOleic 69.9 47.5 slurry Supro ® 760 Commodity 68.2 31.2 slurry

TABLE 14 Hunter Color Determination of High Oleic and Commodity SoybeanSamples Whiteness Sample Trait L value index Supro ® 1610 Commodity82.78 40.6 Type, Powder Supro ® 1610 High Oleic 84.34 44.38 Type, PowderSupro ® 1610 Commodity 48.01 25.81 Type, Slurry Supro ® 1610 High Oleic51.94 28.09 Type, Slurry Supro ® 651 Commodity 84.07 39.52 Type, PowderSupro ® 651 High Oleic 86.62 47.41 Type, Powder Supro ® 651 Commodity60.36 24.9 Type, Slurry Supro ® 651 High Oleic 63.27 32.43 Type, SlurrySupro ® 670 Commodity 83.26 40.15 Type, Powder Supro ® 670 High Oleic85.5 48.48 Type, Powder Supro ® 670 Commodity 58.99 29.95 Type, SlurrySupro ® 670 High Oleic 60.09 38.52 Type, Slurry Supro ® 760 Commodity83.7 44.64 Type, Powder Supro ® 760 High Oleic 85.7 49.2 Type, PowderSupro ® 760 Commodity 48.81 29.58 Type, Slurry Supro ® 760 High Oleic55.45 37.54 Type, Slurry

Example 29 Preparation of Plain Flavored Soymilk

About 20 pounds of dry, whole soybeans were soaked in an excess (40pounds or more) of cold tap water, and then allowed to sit quiescentlyovernight. The excess water was then drained of and discarded. The 40pounds of rehydrated soybeans were ground through a mill or grinder. Asufficient amount of water was continuously added during the grinding tokeep the slurry moving through the mill. Sufficient water to bring thetotal slurry weight to up to approximately 180 pounds was then added.The slurry was next transferred to a pressure cooker and the temperaturerose, through steam injection, to 116° C., and the temperature was heldconstant for approximately 40 seconds. The slurry or soymilk was ventedout of the pressure cooker and strained through a coarse mesh cloth. Thesoy residue (okara) was pressed in the bag to remove the trapped soymilkand the okara was then discarded. The resulting soymilk was strainedthrough a fine mesh cloth and then into a container. This procedureyielded approximately 200 pounds of 93.3° C. soymilk. Lecithin (93 g),corn oil (533 g) and yeast flavor (180 g) were added and the mixture isagitated using a Tekmar High Speed Shear Mixer for 30 seconds.

Example 30 Preparation of Flavored Soymilk

Soy milk beverages, including the ingredients as set forth in the tablebelow, was made from the product described above (example plain flavoredsoymilk) and a soy protein isolate (Supro® 760).

100% of water was heated to 65.6° C. and maintained at 65.6° C. withagitation until all ingredients were added. The protein product wasadded with agitation and mixed until dissolved. Sucrose,carboxymethylcellulose and carrageenan were dry blended and added to theprotein slurry and mixed until dissolved. Calcium carbonate and sodiumchloride were added and dispersed. The soybean oil was then addedfollowed by flavors and vitamin premix. The pH of the system wasadjusted between 6.8 and 7.0 using HCl or NaOH as needed. The productswere then processed in an ultra high temperature short time processor at143° C. for 10 seconds. Then the products were homogenized in a 2 stagehomogenizer at 2000 and 500 psi, cooled and filled into clean bottles,and stored in a refrigerator. Whiteness Index and viscosity of samplesare shown in Table 15. The whiteness index and viscosity of HO flavoredsoymilk compared to flavored soymilk from commodity soybeans wereincreased by 22% and reduced by 40%, respectively.

TABLE 15 Whiteness Viscosity Sample Trait index (cps) Supro ® 760 HighOleic 27.67 6.25 Flavored soymilk Supro ® 760 Commodity 21.52 10.4Flavored soymilk

Example 31 Plain Soymilk Physical Characteristics

Plain soymilk from high oleic and commodity soybean was prepared asdescribed in Example 30. The whiteness index and viscosity of thesamples are shown in Table 16. The viscosity of HO soymilk was reducedby 17% compared to commodity soymilk. The Whiteness Index of HO soymilkwas increased by 7.5% compared to soymilk prepared from commoditysoybeans.

TABLE 16 Whiteness Viscosity Sample Trait index (cps) Supro ® 760 HighOleic 55.27 3.45 plain soymilk Supro ® 760 Commodity 51.14 4.15 plainsoymilk

Example 32 Solid Phase MicroExtraction (SPME) GC MS Method for SoyVolatile Analysis

Samples for the analysis of soy volatile compounds using the SPME GC MSmethods are prepared by weighing out 2.5±0.005 g of the sample to beanalyzed into a weigh boat. Then 47.5±0.1 g of reverse-osmosis (e.g.,Mili-Q or Labcono) water are measured into a 250 mL Waring blender cup.The blender is started at minimum speed and the weighed-out sample issprinkled into the water over approximately 10 seconds. The sample andwater are blended into a slurry using minimal speed to keep foaming to aminimum. Blending time should be enough to achieve good dispersion ofthe sample and should be around 30 seconds and not exceed 60 seconds.This should be kept consistent for each sample matrix. If foam develops,it should be scooped off with a spoon and manually stirred back into thesample mix.

In order to suspend the slurry and to make it as homogenous as possibleit is briefly stirred with a spoon or scoop. Then 30 g of the slurry arequickly transferred from the blender cup into a tared SPME vial (50 mLserum bottle: Supelco p/n 33108-u) containing 11.1 g NaCl (Omnipurgrade, EMD Chemicals).

Of the 49.2 ppm internal standard stock solution of 4-heptanone, 100 μLare pipetted into the SPME vial to yield 164 ppb internal standardconcentration upon mixing. A 1″ ( 1/16″ diameter) Teflon stir bar isdropped into the vial and the vial is sealed with crimp-top septum cap(Supelco) fitted with a Natural Teflon/Blue Silicone septum(Microanalytical Supplies) to ensure a good airtight seal. The bottle isthen placed on the center of a stirplate and stirred for 5 min at 300rpm to allow thorough mixing and equilibration of the headspace.

Sample extraction is performed as follows. The SPME fiber ispreconditioned as recommended by the manufacturer's manual (Supelco) for30 min at 250° C. with minimal carrier gas flow if used for the firsttime. Re-conditioning of the fiber is done by inserting it into the rearinjection port at 280° C. in between runs for a minimum of 30 min. Oncethe headspace is equilibrated, the sheathed SPME fiber is insertedthrough the septum. It has to be ensured that neither sheath nor fibertouches or immerses into the liquid.

Then the SPME fiber has to be extended out of its sheath, and exposed tothe headspace for 30 min. The height of the fiber should be adjustedsuch that the end is approximately ¼″ over the surface of the liquid.Subsequently the SPME fiber is retracted into its sheath and withdrawnfrom the septum. The fiber containing the volatiles should be injectedas soon as possible for analysis. Analysis is carried out on an Agilent6890N GC with a 7973 MSD detector and Agilent ChemStation software. Thesample is injected with the sheathed SPME fiber through the injectorseptum, then rapidly unsheathing the fiber into the injector body.Separation begins when GC is started. The SPME should be left unsheathedin the injector for 1.5 min, after which it is removed andre-conditioned and retracted back into its sheath.

The data are analyzed using the Agilent ChemStation Software and peakareas were calculated by manual integration The calculated peak areasfor each target volatile were converted to ppb by the following formula:Concentration of volatile in slurry (μg/kg slurry)=164xtarget peakarea/int.std.peak area

Example 33 Volatile Analysis of Soy Isolates

Sample preparation and analysis was performed as described in Example32, and the concentration of volatiles in the slurry¹ are shown in Table17.

As can be seen from Table 17 (hexanal levels in high oleic samples aresubstantially lower compared to the hexanal levels in the respectivesamples form commodity soybean. It is believed that lower hexanal levelscorrespond to improved flavor of soybean protein products.

TABLE 17 Protein Product High High Oleic Commodity Commodity OleicCommodity High Oleic SUPRO ® SUPRO ® SUPRO ® SUPRO ® Alpha ™ Alpha ™Volatiles 760 type 760 type 670 type 670 type 5800 type 5800 typePentenal 2.7¹ 11.8 3.9 ND 2.5 ND Hexanal 10.6 171 35.9 3.6 19.6 1.7 2-Heptanone 1.4 26.5 12.4 1.6 8.0 0.34 Heptanal 1.1 2.60 0.57 0.25 0.300.45 1-Octen-3-ol 0.25 0.68 0.19 ND 0.13 ND 2-Octanone 0.11 1.5 0.540.12 0.27 ND 2-Pentylfuran² 0.90 59.7 15.7 1.5 2.52 0.12 3-Octen-2-oneND² 0.60 0.61 ND ND ND 2-Nonanone 0.93 1.2 0.96 0.96 0.15 0.11 Nonanal2.3 2.4 0.64 0.65 0.39 0.46 Decanal ND 0.52 ND 0.27 0.08 0.22 ¹Allconcentrations are expressed as μg volatile/kg 5% slurry relative to the4-heptanone internal std. which was present at 164 μg/kg 5% slurry. ²ND= not detected

1. A soy protein product obtained from a high oleic soybean wherein saidproduct has at least one characteristic selected from the groupconsisting of improved whiteness, reduced gel strength and reducedviscosity when compared to a soy protein product obtained from acommodity soybean using the same process as that to obtain the soyprotein product from a high oleic soybean.
 2. The soy protein product ofclaim 1, wherein: a) the whiteness index is increased by at least 3% ;or b) the gel strength is reduced by at least 25%; or c) the viscosityof an unhydrolyzed soy protein product is reduced by at least 9%.
 3. Thesoy protein product of anyone of claims 1, or 2 wherein said proteinproduct has at least 40% protein (N×6.25) on a moisture-free basis. 4.The soy protein product of anyone of claims 1, or 2 wherein said proteinproduct has at least 65% protein (N×6.25) on a moisture-free basis. 5.The soy protein product of anyone of claims 1, or 2 wherein said proteinproduct has at least 90% protein (N×6.25) on a moisture-free basis. 6.The soy protein product of anyone of claims 1, or 2 wherein said productis selected from the group consisting of a soy protein isolate, a soyprotein concentrate, soy meal, full fat flour, soymilk powder, defattedflour, soymilk, textured proteins, textured flours, texturedconcentrates and textured isolates.
 7. A food which has incorporatedtherein the soy protein product of anyone of claims 1, or
 2. 8. Abeverage which has incorporated therein the soy protein product ofanyone of claims 1, or
 2. 9. Animal feed which has incorporated thereinthe soy protein product of anyone of claims 1, or
 2. 10. A method forimproving drying efficiency of a soy protein product, comprising feedingat least one soy protein product obtained from a high oleic soybean seedat higher feed solids to a pasteurizer or a dryer compared to feeding atleast one soy protein product obtained from a commodity soybean.
 11. Amethod for improving drying efficiency of a soy protein product,comprising feeding at least one soy protein product obtained from a higholeic soybean seed at no less than 14% feed solids to a pasteurizer or adryer